Technical Drawing CH 06

2D DRAWING
REPRESENTATION
CHAPTER SIX
OBJECTIVES
1. Represent curved surfaces in multiview drawings
2. Show intersections and tangencies of curved and planar surfaces

3. Represent common types of holes
4. Show fillets, rounds, and runouts in a 2D drawing
5. Use partial views
6. Apply revolution conventions when necessary for clarity
7. Draw removed views and projected views
8. Show right- and left-hand parts
9. Project curved surfaces by points
10. Show and label an enlarged detail
11. Show conventional breaks
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e © 2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
2
Common Manufactured
Features
• Fillet
• Round
• Counterbore
• Countersink
• Spotface
• Boss
• Lug
• Flange
• Chamfer
• Neck
• Keyway/Keyseat
• Knurl
• Bushing
3
Conventional Representations
Standard orthographic projections
don’t always show complex
shapes as clearly and simply as
you may wish, so certain
alternative practices, referred to
as conventions, are accepted.
Conventions are like rules for

breaking the rules. Note how
these views are projected
Orthographic Views of
Intersecting and Tangent
Surfaces.
(Lockhart, Shawna D.; Johnson, Cindy M., Engineering
Design Communication: Conveying DesignThrough
Graphics, 1st, © 2000. Printed and Electronically
reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.)
4
VISUALIZING AND DRAWING
COMPLEX CYLINDRICAL SHAPES
Steps
5
CYLINDERS WHEN SLICED
Cylinders are often machined to form plane or other types of
surfaces.
Normal surfaces appear true shape in the view where the line
of sight is perpendicular to the surface. In the two other views
that normal surface appears on edge. The back half remains
unchanged.
6
CYLINDERS AND ELLIPSES
If a cylinder is cut by an inclined plane, the inclined surface is
bounded by an ellipse. This ellipse will appear as a circle in the top
view, as a straight line in the front view, and as an ellipse in the
side view.
When a circular shape is shown inclined in another view and

projected into the adjacent view it will appear as an ellipse, even
though the shape is a circle.
7
INTERSECTIONS AND TANGENCIES
Where a curved surface is tangent to a plane surface no line is
drawn, but when it intersects a plane surface, a definite edge is
formed.
When plane surfaces join a contoured surface, a line is shown if they

are tangent, but not shown if they intersect.
8
Intersections of Cylinders
When the intersection is small, When the intersection is

its curved shape is not plotted larger, it can be
accurately because it adds approximated by drawing an
little to the sketch or drawing arc with the radius the same
for the time it takes. Instead it as that of the large cylinder.
is shown as a
straight line.
9
FILLETS AND ROUNDS
A rounded interior corner is called a fillet. A rounded
exterior corner is called a round.
Rounds on a CAD Model of

a Design for a Three-Hole
Fillets on a CAD Model. Punch
(Courtesy of Douglas Wintin.)
(Courtesy of Ross Traeholt.)
10
RUNOUTS
Small curves called runouts are used to
represent fillets that connect with plane
surfaces tangent to cylinders.
Runouts from different

filleted intersections will
appear different owing to
the shapes of the horizontal
intersecting
members.
11
CONVENTIONAL EDGES
There is a conventional way of showing rounded and filleted
edges for the sake of clarity. Added lines depicting rounded and
filleted edges.
Rounded and filleted intersections eliminate sharp edges and can make it
difficult to present the shape clearly.
12
NECESSARY VIEWS
What are the absolute minimum
views
required to completely define an
object?
One-View Drawing
Two-View Drawing
Three-View Drawing
13
PARTIAL VIEWS
A view may not need to be complete but needs to show what is necessary to
clearly describe the object. This is called a partial view and is used to save
sketching
time and make the drawing less confusing to read.
OR
You can use a break line to limit the partial

view…
14
Showing Enlarged Details
When adding a
detail, draw a circle
around the features
that will be included
in the detail
Place the detail view on the

sheet as you would a
removed view. Label
successive details with the
word DETAIL followed by a
letter, as in DETAILA, DETAIL
B,
15
Conventional Breaks
To shorten the view of a long object, you can use break
lines…
Using a break to leave out a portion of the part, but allows the scale for
the ends
to be increased to show the details clearly.
16
ALIGNMENT OF VIEWS
Always draw views in the “standard” arrangement...
Because CAD makes it easy to move whole views,

it is
tempting to place views where they fit on the
screen or
plotted sheet and not in the standard
arrangement. This is not acceptable.
3D CAD software that generates 2D drawing

views as
projections of the 3D object usually has a setting
to select from third-angle or first-angle projection.
Check your software if you are unsure which
projection methods are available.
17
REMOVED VIEWS
A removed view is a complete or partial view removed to another place
on the sheet so that it is no longer in direct projection with any other view.
Removed View Using

View Indicator Arrow
Removed View Using

Viewing-Plane Line
18
RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND PARTS
Often, parts function in pairs of similar opposite parts, but
opposite
parts can rarely be exactly alike.
On sketches and drawings a left-hand part is noted as LH, and a right-hand

part as RH.
19
REVOLUTION CONVENTIONS
Regular multiview projections are sometimes awkward, confusing,
or actually misleading.
Revolutions like these are

frequently used in
connection with sectioning.
Revolved sectional views
are called aligned sections.
20
Common Hole Features Shown in
Orthographic Views
21
Common Features Shown in Orthographic
Views
22
Common Features Shown in Orthographic
Views Continued…
23

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2D DRAWING

2. Show intersections and tangencies of curved and planar surfaces

Conventions are like rules for

When a circular shape is shown inclined in another view and

When plane surfaces join a contoured surface, a line is shown if they

When the intersection is small, When the intersection is

Rounds on a CAD Model of

Runouts from different

You can use a break line to limit the partial

Place the detail view on the

Because CAD makes it easy to move whole views,

3D CAD software that generates 2D drawing

Removed View Using

Removed View Using

On sketches and drawings a left-hand part is noted as LH, and a right-hand

Revolutions like these are

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