IMMUNITY

Def:resistance offered by host to injury caused by organisms like

bacteria.

First line of defence: skin and mucous membrane,

Second line of defence: in the tissues by neutrophils and macrophages

Third line of defence: Humoral and Cell Mediated Immunity

Body Immunity is divided in to two types
(1)Innate Immunity
(2)Acquired Immunity
Innate Immunity:
Present from birth and provides immunity
against all disease causing organism.
a)Skin acts as physical barrier against disease
causing organism
• B)Mucous membranes:
• Distribution:A)RESPIRATORY TRACT
• B)DIGESTIVE TRACT
• C)UROGENITAL TRACT
• They have pH,lysosome,antibodies , which
have bacteriostatic and bactericidal action.
• The ciliated property of mucous membrane
and its adhesive property helps in defence
 Innate Immunity

1)Body secretions :Eg Digestive tract secretions

(Ph,lysosome,bacteriostatic and bactericidal of
Sebum).
2)Macrophages-L,S,LN,BM,LU,CT,PP,SCT,B,CNS.
FUNCTIONS:I&H,D,IR(CMI),R-rbc,wbc,pl,sf lp,Mp
3) Natural killer cells kill virus bacteria and tumour infected cells
4)Interferons secreted by virus infected cell-alpha &beta
5)C- reactive protein increase in disease condition and activate
compliment system
6)MAJOR BASIC PROTIEN larvicidal agent
Thymus:cortex immature lymphocytes
medulla-mature lymphocytes
It confers immunological competence’
These immunological competent cells,
are stored ithe peripheral lymph nodes in the
paracortical areas.
• Bursa Equivalent(avian bursa of fabricius)=
• Fetal liver and bone marrow
• The immuno competent B lymphocytes from
• Liver and bone marrow enter the cortex and
lymph follicles of spleen. These areas are called
bursa dependent areas.
• Following antigenic stimulation B Lymphocytes
transforms in to plasma cells to produce
antibodies
Lymph nodes Spleen
1)Antigen processing and 1)It is an active site for
antibody production production of t-lymphoctes
2)It filters 99% in lymph and b-lymphocytes
sinuses a nd only 1% 2)Waste removal
penetrates it . 3)Heamtopoiesis -5th and 6thiul
4)Recycle of iron
5)Resorvoir
6)Regulation of portal blood
flow
 DIFF BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
IMMUNITY
AI PI
• AB produced to AG naturally • Ready made ab naturally or
• Or artificially artificially
• Negative phaze • No negative phase
• Latent period 4wks to 4 • No latent phase
months • No secondary response
• Secondary response • Short lasting
• Duration –long lasting
• More effective • ApplicableLess effective
• Applicable not immno • Applicable in immuno
deficency deficency
 Acquired Immunity

• Acquired Passive Immunity is acquired from

preformed antibodies without exposure to
• T-Lymphoctes Eg
• a)Administration of serum containing Gamma
globulin.
• b)Preactivated lymphoctes from animals and human
beings already immunised.
• c)Natural immunity acquired naturally or artificially.
 Passive Acquired Immunity
Passive natural immunity Passiveartificial immunity
1)Acquired from mother 1)Acq from previously
Before or after birth. prepared Ab from
animal or humans
2)From human or horses
2)Before birth thro plac-
entc Ig antibodies. Which have immunised
artficially.
3)Antisera given to people
3)After birth IgA TRO who developed the
Colustrum. disease
 DIFERENCE BETWEEN CELLULAR AND
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Cellular Immunity Humoral Immunity
1. Responsible for delayed 1. It is the circulating
allergic reactions antibody in gamma
2. Transplant rejection globulin fraction of
3. Major defense plasma proteins
mechanism against 2. Major defense against
viruses and fungi and bacterial infections
some against bacteria
(tuberculus)
4. Protects against tumors
4)Antibodies gets 4)It is also given to people
metabolised. who can develop the
disease later period
5)Passive entry of Rh 5)The personprotectedfor
antibodies is 2-3 weeks against the
responsible for Rh disease eg:antitetanus
incompatability in serum,antdiptheric
pregnancy serum
 Active aquired immunity
Active natural immunity Active artficial immunity
1)Activation of immunity in 1)Vaccines and Toxiods
body produce Ab
2)Organism is attenuated or killed or
2)Acquired during clinical and part of it is injected to stimulate
subclinical infections antibodies eg
3)Clinical infections-Ab produced Edward Jenner produced first live
to organism (Ag) develop vaccine for small pox from cow pox
memory cells which protects virus.other eg
the humans if later exposed to Aremumps,poliomyelities,rabi-
es,typhoid
same antigen.
3)Toxiod are toxin secreted by
4)In both clinical and subclinical organisms and inactivated but
HI and CMI are activated antigenic
• Immune system is 2 types
• Cellular immunity – cell mediated immunity
• Humeral immunity – antibody mediated immunity
• What immune system does?
• They react to antigens
1. complex proteins and poly peptides
2. Complex carbohydrates moieties
3. Against nucleic acids and lipids in the form of
nucleoproteins and lipoproteins
Immune System
 ANTIGENS
• What are antigens?
• Antigens are substances that stimulate
immune responses in the body.
• They are usually protiens but some times
• Carbohydrates,fats ,nucleic acids.
• The specificity of antigen is due to specific
areas of its molecules called determinants or
epitopes .
 STRUCTURE OF ANTIGENS
• HISTOCOMPATABILITY ANTIGENS
• Present on the cell membrane of that species’
• These antigens are encoded by genes called
• Histocompatability genes ,which collectively
• Constitute histocompatabilitycomplex.
• They are present on the short arm of chromosome 6’
• Mhc present on leucocytes iscalled human leucocyte
antigen
• No two humans have same MHC protiens except identical
twins.
• Three class of genes
• MHC class 1 present on all cells of the body except
RBC
• MHC class 11 present on cells which are
immunnologically competent like
macrophages,moncytes,B-lymphoctes,t-lymphocytes.
• MHC class 111 the genes coding for compliment
system of classicalc2 andc4 and properdin factor B
and located between MHC1 AND MHc11 GENES.
 CHARACTERISTIC OF ANTIGENS
1)Immunogenicity

2)Antigen specificity –determined by chemical grouping

and acid radicles

3)Species specficity

4)Isospecificity Blood groups antigens found in humans

are the best eg of isoantigens and sub-groups like Rh +ve,
Rh-ve.
• HUMORAL IMMUNITY
• The Helper T CELLS CD4 activate
Blymphocytes.
• The activated Blymphocytes stimulate plasma
• cells to produce antibodies which particiate in
• Humoral immunity
 HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Mechanism of Humoral immunity
1)B cells can bind antigen

2)Activated Helper T-cells to produce full activation 0f B-cells for antibody formation.

3)It is the T Helper2 cell mainly involved and pushed on theT h2 line by IL4
Activated Bcell proliferate and transforms in to
Memory cells and Plasma cells in the antibody formation.

4)Antibodies circulate in the globulin fraction of plasma are

nothing but antigen binding receptors on B-cell membrane.

.
 PLASMA CELLS
• They are present in bone marrow and
lymphoid organ .
• Plasma cells are formed from small B-
lymphocyte
• They produce specific antibodies against
• Invading organism
 MEMORY CELLS
• THEY reappear when exposed to the same antigen.
• They reproduce antibodies immediately in large
nos’
• They stay in the body for a long time so res-
• ponsible permenant immunity
• T-lymphocyte and macrophages are responsible
• For the development of humoral immunity
•
Immune Response
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
 ANTIBODIES
• Antibodies or Immunoglobulins are gama
globulins whish are produced due to Antigenic
stimulations.
• They react specifically to the antigens that
stimulate them.
• ALL antibodies are immunoglobulins and not
• All immunoglobulins are antibodies.
• IgG WHOSE BASIC structure serve as a model of
all immunoglobulins
• The basic unit of each immunoglobulin is a
symmetric unit 4 polypeptide chains.
• Fab –Antigen binding site
• Fc- Effector portion of molecule mediate the
responses initiated antibodies
 IMMUNOGLOBINS
• Immunoglobulin-M (IgM ): it has five basic
immunogloblin units, joint around J-chain to
form a pentamer
• Immunoglobulin-A (IgA ): (secretary
immunoglobulin) forms a dimer and a trimer
around J-chain plus a polypeptide comes from
epithelial cells (secretary component)
 Development of local immunity by IgA:
• Bacteria / virus antigen M cells Lymphoid
cells and tissues Lymphoblast  Lymphatic
duct maturing in circulation  moves to
different lymphoid organs (eg: intestinal
mucosa, epithelium in lungs, breast, GU tract,
female reproductive system) large amounts
of IgA secreted when exposed to the same
antigens  secretary component gets
attached to the IgA  passes through cell and
secreted by exocytosis
 Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)
1)Except csf, present everywhere in our body.
2)Y-shaped monomer.
3) functions: protects from bacterial and viral
infections.
4)75% of immunoglobulins in the body
5)Cross placental barrier & secreted in the
colostrum.
6)IgG acts as a watchgaurd for all body fluids.
 Immunoglobulin-D (IgD)
• It’s a Y-shaped monomer, located on the
immature B lymphocytes.
• Helps in recognizing the antigen
• Functions as an antigen receptor, triggering B
lymphocytes to produce antibodies
 Immunoglobulin-E (IgE)
• Takes part in hypersensitive immune reactions
• and parasitic infestations
They have receptors on mast cells and
• basophils cause release of histamine, heparin,
SRS-A
MODE OF ACTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

1)NEUTRALIZING PROTIEN TOXINS

2)BLOCK ATTACHMENT OF VIRUSES TO CELL
3)OPSONISATION OF BACTERIA
4)ACTIVATING COMPLIMENT SYSTEM
5) PROVIDE FOETAL AND NEWBORN IMMUNITY
THROUGH IgG & IgA
6) ANTIBODIES PARTICIPATEIN ANTIBODY
DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY-LINK WITH
NK CELLS
 ACTIVATION OF HELPER T- CELL
• 1)activated in lymph node or spleen.
• 2)the pathogen reach the these organs either
through blood or lymph
• 3)macrophages acting as antigen presenting
cell activate T-helper cells by
• a)by presenting the antigen complexed with
MHCclass 11protien
• b)a stimulus by IL-1
• B-cell can also act as APC.
• Ag+MHC class11protien HELPER T-CELL
activated(secretes IL-1 which by autocrine funct
stimulate Helper-Tcell to produce T-H1,T-H2
• T-H1 seretes IL-2,INF-gama,TNF-BETA
• A)THE above factors stimulate the multiplication
and activity of T-cytotoxic and T-suppressor cell
• B)stimulate activity of NK CELLS and Macrophages
• C)kills antigen bearing cells .
 ROLE OF HELPER T-2 CELL
• They serete IL-456.
• They participate in HI.
• THEY are involved in proliferation activation
and maturation b-lymphocytes.
• They also stimulate multiplication of Plasma
cells
ACTIVATION OF T-CELL
 CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• It is a function of T lymphocytes which are sub divided into helper T cells
(I & II), suppressor T cells, cytotoxic T cells (effector T cells/ killer cells) &
memory T cells.
• helper T cells I for cellular immunity
• helper T cells II for Humoral immunity
• Suppressor T cells - regulation of cellular and humoral immunity
• Cytotoxic T cells for destroy transplanted and foreign cells by perforins
and lymphtoxin.
• Suppresor T cells and cytotoxic T cells have on their surface glycoprotein
CD-8 (which can be detected by monoclonal antibodies, so frequently
called T8 cells)
• Helper T cells have on their surface glycoprotein CD-4 and therefore
called as T4 cells.
 Functions of suppressor t-cell
• 1)Inhibit proliferation of T and B lymphocytes.
• 2)Dampens immune response by producing
cytokines.
• 3)PREVENT AUTO IMMUNITY .
• 4)Promote immune tolrance.
• 5)Suppressesantibody production by B-cell.
• 6)Supresses helper-T and Cytotoxic T-cell.
• CD8 co-receptor is MHC class I molecules
• CD4 co-receptor is MHC class II molecules
• Memory B & T cells:
• Which are exposed to an antigen and readily
converted into effecter cells by a late counter
with same antigen.
• They persist in the body for months or even
years
 Communication of Immune cells
• Like lymphocytes, macrophages communicate
through chemical substances called
interleukins and cytokines.
• Stem cells:
Differentiate to many millions of T and B
lymphocytes, each responding to the antigen.
Entry of antigen, they bind to the B-cell receptor
Full antibody response requires helper T11 cells.
 Stem cells
In T cells the antigen processed by the antigen
presenting cell, partially digested and
presented appropriate receptor on T cells.
In either case the cell stimulate to divide to form
clones of cells that responds to the antigen
(clonal reaction)
 IMMUNE DISORDERS
B-LYMPHOCTE DEFICENCY B-LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERRATION
• Brunton x-linked • IN Multiple myeloma IgG
Agammaglobanemia ARE PRODUCED IN LARGE
• Gut ass lymphiod tissue NO.
absent. • Light chains in the form
• IgG VERY low and proned bence jones protiens are
for pyogenic, excreted in the urine
meningitis,pneumonia and
• Respiratory infections
 HYPERSENSITIVITY OR ALLERGY
• Previous sensatisation Type-1
to the substance 1)respondimmediately.
• Food substances 2)IgE mediated
,drugs, dust ,smoke, 3)Mast cell and basophil
pollen, vaccines mediated with release
,cosmetics , bacteria,
histamine &heparin
viral, parasites .
4)Hypovolumeic shock
5)Asthma and Hay fever
• Type 11 • TYPE 1V CMI
• Antibodies against • Lymphokines realesed
persons blood cells or from t- lyphmphocytes
tissue cells eg (IgG,IgM) and macrophages.
• 1)HDN,AHA,TR. • Eg:Mx,CD,Graft
• TYPE 111(C+Ag+Ab) REJECTION
• IgA,IgM—involved .
• Eg Rh fever,Rh
Myocarditis,GN,SS
 IMMUNE DISORDERS
• T-LYMPHOCTE DEFICENCY • 5)AUTOIMMUNITY-it is
• 1)Di GEIRGE S SYNDROME • Defined as immune response
to self antigen
• 2)-(Thymus hypoplasia)
• Due to
• 3)Purine nucleoside
• 1)defiency of t-suppressor cell
deficency T-CELL DEFICENT
• 2)unbalanced actvity of
• 4)AIDS- Helper T cell helper –Tcell
attacked HIV.SUSCEPTIBLE • 3)alteration of cells in body
TO VIRAL AND tissues due to
MYCOBACTERIAL mutation.irradiation,cancer
INFECTIPON cells
 Autoimmune Disease
1)Myasthenia gravis • nicotinic cholienergic
receptors
2)IDDM
• PANCREATIC BETA CELL
3)MS DEFICENCY
• Myelin basic protien
4)RA

5)Graves disease
• Collagen disease

6)Hashimoto thyroiditis • TSH receptors

1 • Thyriod gland cells

 IMMUNO INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS

• Chemical mediators
• Srs histamine,ecf,heparin,ncf,paf
• Severe id disorder
• Complementid disorder
• Phagocytic disorder
TISSUE GRAFTING AND TRANSPLANTATION

• AUTOGRAFTS:SKIN GRAFT
• ALLOGRAFT:SAME TISSUES
• XENOGRAFT:FROM OTHER SPECIES
• MHC1-PRESENT IN ALL NUCLEATED CELLS.
• HLA-A,HLA-B,HLA-C are refered to MHC class-1
• IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELLS have
• HLA-DP,HLA-DQ,HLA-DR are refered as
MHCclass-11
• Immuno suppressive drugs before ans after
transplant
• Immuno suppressive drugs
• Cyclosporin –A-both
• Corticosteriod- suppresses T- CELL
PRODUCTION
• Azathioprine-KILLST-lymphocytes
• ALS-Suppresses T-lymphocyte
• Immunity
• Vaccines
• Toxiods –exotoxin treated with formaldhyde
• Gives toxiod
• Antigen
• Complete antigen
• Monoclonal antibodies –specifis antigen b-cellclonal
reaction.fused with tumour cells –hybridoma cells
produced
• They produce large no of cells
• They produce only one kind of antibodies
• Uses dx of id nonid,preg dx hormoes
estimation,therapeutic