Numerical Reasoning

• Problems on Numbers
• Problems on Ages
• Ratio and Proportion
• Alligation or Mixture
• Chain Rule
• Partnership
• Venn Diagram
• Area and Volume
• Probability
• Time and Work (Pipes)
• SI and CI
Numerical Reasoning
• Average
• Permutation and Combination
• Percentage
• Boats and Streams
• Time and Distance (Trains)
• Data Sufficiency
• Profit and Loss
• Calendar
• Clocks
• Data Interpretation
• Cubes
 Problems on Numbers

Division Algorithm:
Dividend = the number to be divided.
Divisor = the number by which it is divided.
Dividend / Divisor = Quotient.
Quotient * Divisor = Dividend.
Quotient * Divisor + Remainder = Dividend.
 Problems on Numbers
Arithmetic Progression:
The nth term of A.P. is given by
Tn = a + (n – 1)d;
Sum of n terms of A.P
Sn = n/2 *(a + L) or n/2 *[2a+(n-1)d)]
a = 1st term, n = number of term, d= difference, Tn = nth term
Geometrical Progression:
Tn = arn – 1.
Sn = a(rn – 1)/(r-1);
Where a = 1st term , r = 1st term / 2nd term
 Basic Formulae
1. ( a+b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
2. (a-b)2 = a2 +b2 -2ab
3. ( a+b)2 - (a – b)2 = 4ab
4. (a+b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2 (a2 +b2)
5. (a2 – b2) = (a+b) (a-b)
6. (a+b+c)2 =a2 +b2 +c2 + 2(ab +bc+ca)
7. (a3 +b3) = ( a+b) (a2 +ab +b2)
8. (a3 –b3) = (a-b) (a2 - ab + b2)
 Problems on Numbers

Three numbers are in the ratio 3:4:5. the sum of

the largest and the smallest equal to the sum of

the third and 52. Find the smallest number ?

 Problems on Numbers
Solution:

Let the numbers be 3x, 4x and 5x

Then 5x+3x = 4x +52

8x – 4x = 52
4x = 52
x = 52/4
x = 13

The smallest number = 3x = 3*13 = 39.

 Problems on Numbers

What is one half of two third of three fourths of

four fifths of five sixth of six sevenths of seven

eights of eight ninth of nine tenths of thirty?

 Problems on Numbers
Solution:

= ½ * 2/3 *3/4 * 4/5 * 5/6*6/7*7/8*8/9*9/10

*30
=3
 Problem on Numbers

If the operation ^ is defined by the

equator x ^ y = 2x + y what is the value

of a in 2 ^ a = a ^ 3? (Satyam)
 Problem on Numbers

Solution:

2(2) = a ^ 3

4 + a = 2a + 3

a=1
 Problem on Numbers
There are 150 weight some are 1 kg weight

and some are 2 kg weights. The sum of the

weights is 260. what is the number of 1 kg

weight. (TCS)
 Problem on Numbers
Solution:

X + 2Y = 260

X + Y = 150

On Solving Two Equations Y = 110

X + Y = 150

X = 150 – 110 = 40 Kg
 Problem on Numbers
The cost of 1 pencil, 2 pens and 4 erasers is Rs.

22, while the cost of five pencils, four pens and

two eraser is 32. how much will 3 pencils, 3

pens and 3 eraser? (TCS)

 Problem on Numbers
Solution:

Let Pencil be x, Pens be y, Erasers be z

x + 2y + 4z = 22

5x + 4y + 2z = 32

Adding we get 6x+6y+6z = 54

3x + 3y + 3z = 27

3 Pencil, 3 Pens and 3 Eraser is Rs. 27.

 Problem on Numbers
If the numerator of a fraction is increased by

25% and denominator decrease by 20%, the

new value is 5/4. what is the original value?

(TCS)
 Problem on Numbers
Solution:

( x + 25x/100) / (y – 20y/100) = 5/4

125x / 80y = 5/4

x/y = 5/4 * 80/ 125 = 4/5

 Problem on Numbers
The difference between two numbers is 1/7 of

the sum of these two numbers. What is the

ratio of the two numbers? (Wipro)

 Problem on Numbers
(x- y ) = 1/7 (x+y)

7( x- y) =( x + y)

7x – 7y = x + y

6x = 8y

x/y = 3 / 4
 Problem on Numbers
A fraction has a denominator greater than its

numerator by 4. but if you add 10 to the denominator,

the value of the fraction would then become 1/8, what

is the fraction? (Caritor)

 Problem on Numbers
Solution:

x/(x+4+10) = 1/8

x/(x+14) = 1/8

8x =( x + 14)

7x = 14; hence x=2

x/(x+4 )= 2/(2+4 )= 2/6

 Problems on Ages

The ages of two persons differ by 10 years. If 5

years ago, the elder one be 2 times as old as the
younger one, find their present ages.
 Problems on Ages
Solution:
x - y = 10; x = 10 + y
x - 5 = 2(y-5)
y + 10 -5 = 2y -10
y+5 = 2y -10
2y- y = 15
y=15 and x = 25
Their present ages are 15 years and 25 years.
 Problems on Ages

The present ages of three persons are in the

proportion of 4:7:9. Eight years ago, the sum
of their ages was 56. Find their present ages ?
 Problems on Ages

Solution:
Three person’s ratio = 4:7:9 Total = 4+7+9 = 20
Sum of their age = 56,
after 8 years their sum = 56 +24 = 80
A’s age = 4/20 *80 = 16
B’s age = 7/20 *80 = 28
C’s age = 9/20 *80 = 36
Their present ages are 16, 28 and 36.
 Problems on Ages

Father’s age is 5 times his son's age.4 years back

the father was 9 times older than his son. Find

the father's present age? (TCS)

 Problems on Ages
Solution:
F = 5S
F – 4 = 9(S-4)
F – 5s = 0
F – 9S = -36 + 4 = -32
4S = 32
S=8
Father age = 40 years
 Problems on Ages

One year ago Pandit was three times his sister’s

age. Next year he will be only twice her age.

How old will Pandit be after five years?

(TCS)
 Problems on Ages
Solution:
(P-1) = 3(S -1)
P + 1 = 2( s+1)
P – 3S = -3 + 2 = -2
P – 2S = 2-1 = 1
S=3
P – 3(3) = -2
P – 9 = -2
P = -2 + 9 = 7
After 5 years = 12
 Problems on Ages

A father is 30 years older than his son, however

he will be only thrice as old as his son after 5

years what is father’s present age?

 Problems on Ages

Solution:
F = S + 30
F + 5 = 3(S+5)
S+30 + 5 = 3S + 15
2S = 20
S= 10
F = 10 + 30 = 40
 Problems on Ages

A father is three times as old as his son after 15

years the father will be twice as old as his son’s

age at that time. What is the father’s present

age ? (TCS)
 Problems on Ages

Solution:
F = 3S
F + 15 = 2(S +15)
Father’s age = 45, Son’s age = 15
 Ratio and Proportion

• Ratio: The Relationship between two

variables is ratio.

• Proportion: The relationship between

two ratios is proportion.
 Ratio and Proportion

The two ratios are a : b and the sum nos. is x

ax bx
-------- and -------
a+b a+b

Similarly for 3 numbers a : b : c

 Ratio and Proportion

If Rs. 1260 is divided among A, B, C in the

ratio 2 : 3 : 4 what is C’s share?

 Ratio and Proportion

Solution:

C’s Share = 4/9*1260

C’s share = Rs. 560

 Ratio and Proportion

To 15 liters of water containing 20% alcohol,

we add 5 liters of pure water. What is the % of

alcohol?
 Ratio and Proportion
Solution:
15 lit 20 %
20 lit (15+5) x by solving we get
= 15%
15% alcohol
 Ratio and Proportion

What number should be added or subtracted

from each term of the ratio 17 : 24 so that it
becomes equal to 1 : 2
 Ratio and Proportion
Solution:
Let the number be x.
17 + x/24 + x = 1/2
Solving the above equation,

The number to be subtracted is 10.

 Ratio and Proportion

The ratio of white balls and black balls is 1:2. If

9 gray balls are added it becomes 2:4:3. Then
what is the number of black balls ?
 Ratio and Proportion
Solution:
Ratio of all the three balls = 2:4:3
Ratio of two balls before adding gray = 1:2
9 gray ratio =3
3 parts = 9 balls
1 part = 9/3
4 parts =?
= 9*4/3 =12
Number of black balls is 12
 Ratio and Proportion

Rs. 770 was divided among A, B and C such that

A receives 2/ 9th of what B and C together

receive. Find A’s share?

 Ratio and Proportion
Solution:
A = 2/9 (B+C)
B+C =9A/2
A+B+C = 770
A + 9A/2 = 770
11A = 770*2
A = 140
 Chain Rule

Direct Proportion :
A B
A B
Indirect Proportion:
A B
A B
 Chain Rule
• A Garrison of 500 men had provision for 27
days. After 3 days, a reinforcement of 300 men
arrived. The remaining food will now last for
how many days?
 Chain Rule
Solution:
Men days
500 24
800 x
800X = 500x24
X =(500x24)/800 =15 days
 Chain Rule

If 20 men take 15 days to complete a job. In how

many days will 25 men finish the work?

CTS Question
 Chain Rule
Solution:
Men Days
20 15
25 x
x/15=20/25
x = (20*15)/25 =12
They will take 12 days
 Chain Rule

If 11.25m of a uniform iron rod weighs 42.75 kg,

what will be weight of 6m of the same rod?

 Chain Rule
Solution:
length ( m ) weight ( kg )
11.25 42.75

6 x
Since it is a direct proportion,
x 6 6 x 42.75
--------- = --------  x = ---------------
42.75 11.25 11.25
The weight of rods x = 22.8 kg
 Chain Rule
A stationary engine has enough fuel to run 12
hours when its tank is 4/5 full. How long will it
run when the tank is 1/3 full?

TCS Question
 Chain Rule
Answer:
Tank hours
4/5 12
1/3 x
4/5 x = 12 * 1/3
It will run for 5 hours
 Chain Rule

20 men complete one - third of a piece of work

in 20 days. How many more men should be

employed to finish the rest of the work in 25

more days?
 Chain Rule
Solution:
Men days work
20 20 1/3 work done = 1/3
x 25 2/3 remaining = 1-1/3=2/3
More work, more men (direct proportion)
More days, less men (indirect Proportion)
1/3 *X = (2/3 )*20*(20 /25)
X = 800/25 = 32
More men to be employed = (32-20)
12 More people needed to finish the job
 Chain Rule

15 men take 21 days of 8 hrs each to do a piece

of work. How many days of 6 hrs each would
21 women take, if 3 women do as much work
as two men?
 Chain Rule
Solution:
3 women = 2 men
21 women = 14 men
Men Days Hrs
15 21 8
14 x 6
x/21=(15/14)/(8/6)
x= 30 days
 Partnership
Types:
• A invested Rs.x and B invested Rs.y then
A:B = x : y
• A invested Rs. x and after 3 months B invested
Rs. y then the share is
• A:B = x * 12 : y * 9
 Partnership

Sanjiv started a business by investing Rs. 36000.

After 3 months Rajiv joined him by investing Rs.
36000. Out of an annual profit of Rs. 37100 find
the share of each.
Satyam Question
 Partnership
Solution :
36000 * 12 : 36000 * 9
4 : 3
Sanjiv’s share of profit = (4*37100)/7 = 21200
profit = 21200
Rajiv’s share of profit = 15900
 Partnership
A sum of money is divided among A, B, C such
that for each rupee A gets, B gets 65 paise and c
gets 35 paise if c’s share is Rs. 560. what is the
sum?
 Partnership
Solution
A: B:C
100 : 65 : 35
20 : 13 : 7 Total = 20+13+7 = 40
C’ share = 560
7/40 *X =560
X= 3200
 Partnership

A starts business with Rs.3500 and 5 months

after, B joins A as his partner. After a year the
profits are divided in the ratio of 2:3. How much
did B contribute ?
 Partnership
Solution:
A :B =3500*12 : 7X
42000 : 7X = 2: 3
7X * 2 = 42000 *3
X = 42000 * 3/14
X = 9000
B’s contribution is Rs.9000
 Partnership

A and B invest in a business in the ratio 3 : 2. If

5% of the total profit goes to charity and A’s
share is Rs. 855 what is the total profit?
 Partnership
Solution:
A : B = 3:2
Let Profit be X
X – 5% of X
X- 5X/100 = 95X/100
3/5 * 95X/100 = 285
19X= 28500
X = 26500/19 = 1500
Total profit is Rs.1500
 Partnership
A and B enter into partnership for a year. A
contributes Rs.1500 and B Rs. 2000. After 4
months, they admit C who contributes Rs. 2250.
If B withdraws his contribution after 9 months,
find their profit share ratio at the end of the year?
 Partnership
Solution:
A: B: C = 1500*12: 2000*9: 2250*8
= 18000: 18000: 18000
= 1: 1: 1
Profit share at the end of the year,
1: 1: 1
 Time and Work
• If A can do a piece of work in n days,

• then A’s 1 day’s work = 1/n

• If A is thrice as B, then:

Ratio of work done by A and B = 3:1

 Pipes and Cisterns

• P1 fills in x hrs. Then part filled in 1 hr is 1/x

• P2 empties in y hrs. Then part emptied in 1 hr

is 1/y
 Pipes and Cisterns
• P1 and P2 both working simultaneously which fills in x
hrs and empties in y hrs resp ( y>x) then net part filled
is 1/x – 1/y

• P1 can fill a tank in X hours and P2 can empty the full

tank in y hours( where x>y), then on opening both
pipes, the net part empties in hour 1/y -1/x
 Time and Work
One fast typist types same matter in 2 hours and
another slow typist types the same matter in 3
hours. If both do combine in how much time will
they finish?

TCS Question
 Time and Work
Solution:
Fast typist = 1/2 ; slow typist = 1/3 ;
Together:
= 1/2 + 1/3 = 5/6 so 6/5 hrs
The work will be completed in 6/5 Hrs.
 Time and Work

A and B can finish a piece of work in 30 days, B and C

in 40 days, while C and A in 60 days .In how many days

A, B and C together can finish the work ?

 Time and Work
Solution:
A + B = 30 days = 1/30
B + C = 40 days = 1/40
C +A = 60 days = 1/60
All work together
A+B+C+B+C+A = 1/30 +1/40 +1/60
2(A+B+C) = 1/30+1/40+1/60
= (4+3+2) /120 = 9/120*2
= 9/240 = 3/80
= 26 2/3
A, B and C can finish the work in 26 2/3 days
 Time and Work

10 men can complete a piece of work in 15 days

and 15 women can complete the same work in 12
days. If all the 10 men and 15 women work
together, In how many days will the work get
completed ?
 Time and Work
Solution:
10 men = 15 days means 1day work = 1/15
15 men = 12 days means 1 day work = 1/12
10 men + 15 women = 1/15 + 1/12
= 4+5/60 = 9/60
= 3/20
20/3 days = 6 2/3 days

The work will be completed in 6 2/3 days.

 Time and Work

A work done by two people in 24 minutes. One

of them can do this work alone in 40 minutes.
How much time is required to do the same work
by the second person?

TCS Question
 Time and Work
Solution :
A and B together = 1/24; A = 1/40; B = ?
= 1/24 – 1/40 = 2/120
= 1/60
The second person will complete in 60 minutes.
 Time and Work (Pipes)

A cistern has two taps which fill it in 12 minutes

and 15 minutes respectively. There is also a
waste pipe in the cistern. When all the pipes are
opened, the empty cistern is filled in 20 minutes.
How long will a waste pipe take to empty a full
cistern ?
 Time and Work (Pipes)
Solution:
This problem is based on 2nd method.
All the tap work together = 1/12 + 1/15 - 1/20
= 5/60 + 4/60 – 3/60
= 6/60
= 1/10
The waste pipe can empty the cistern in 10
minutes.
 Time and Work (Pipes)

A tap can fill a cistern in 8 hours and another

can empty it in 16 hours. If both the taps are
opened simultaneously, Find the time ( in
hours) to fill the cistern
 Time and Work (Pipes)
Solution:
Tap 1 = 1/8 (fill); Tap 2 = 1/16 (empty)
= 1/8 – 1/16
= 1 / 16
Total time taken to fill the cistern = 16 hours
 Time and Work (Pipes)

A water tank is 2/5th full. Pipe A can fill the tank

in 10 minutes and the pipe B can empty it in 6
minutes. If both the pipes are open, how long
will it take to empty or fill the tank completely?
 Time and Work (Pipes)
Answer :
A = 1/10; B = 1/6
= 1/10 -1/6
= - 1/15
Empty in 15 minutes
To empty 2/5 of the tank 2/5 * 15 = 6
Time taken (empty)= 6 minutes
 Area and Volume
Cube:

• Let each edge of the cube be of length a. then,

• Volume = a3cubic units

• Surface area= 6a2 sq.units.

• Diagonal = √3 a units.
 Area and Volume
Cylinder:
• Let each of base = r and height ( or length) = h.

• Volume = πr2h

• Surface area = 2 πr h sq. units

• Total Surface Area = 2 πr ( h+ r) units.

 Area and Volume
Cone:
• Let radius of base = r and height=h, then
• Slant height, l = √h2 +r2 units
• Volume = 1/3 πr2h cubic units
• Curved surface area = πrl sq.units
• Total surface area = πr (l +r)
 Area and Volume
Sphere:

• Let the radius of the sphere be r. then,

• Volume = 4/3 πr3

• Surface area = 4 π r2sq.units

 Area and Volume
Circle: A= π r 2
Circumference = 2 π r
Square: A= a 2
Perimeter = 4a
Rectangle: A= l x b
Perimeter= 2( l + b)
 Area and Volume
Triangle:

A = ½*base*height

Equilateral = √3/4*(side)2

Area of the Scalene Triangle

S = (a+b+c)/ 2

A = √ s*(s-a) * (s-b)* (s-c)

 Area and Volume
What is the cost of planting the field in the form

of the triangle whose base is 2.8 m and height

3.2 m at the rate of Rs.100 / m2

 Area and Volume
Solution:
Area of triangular field = 1/2 * 3.2 * 2.8 m 2
= 4.48 m2
Cost = Rs.100 * 4.48
= Rs.448.
 Area and Volume

Area of a rhombus is 850 cm2. If one of its

diagonal is 34 cm. Find the length of the other

diagonal?
 Area and Volume
Solution:
850 = ½ * d1 * d2
= ½ * 34 * d2
= 17 d2
d2 = 850 / 17
= 50 cm
Second diagonal = 50cm
 Area and Volume
A grocer is storing small cereal boxes in
large cartons that measure 25 inches by 42 inches
by 60 inches. If the measurement of each small
cereal box is 7 inches by 6 inches by 5 inches then
what is maximum number of small cereal boxes
that can be placed in each large carton ?
 Area and Volume
Solution:

No. of small boxes = (25*42*60 ) / ( 7*6*5 )

= 300

300 boxes of cereal box can be placed.

 Area and Volume

If the radius of a circle is diminished by 10%,

what is the change in the area in percentage?
 Area and Volume
Solution:
= D1 + D2 – D1*D2 /100
= 10 + 10 – 10*10/100
= 20 -1
= 19%
New area changed = 19%.
 Area and Volume

A circular wire of radius 42 cm is bent in the

form of a rectangle whose sides are in the ratio
of 6:5. Find the smaller side of the rectangle?
 Area and Volume
Solution:
length of wire = 2 πr = (22/7*14*14)cm
= 264cm
Perimeter of Rectangle = 2(6x+5x) cm
= 22xcm
22x =264
x = 12 cm
Smaller side = (5*12) cm = 60 cm
 Area and Volume

A man is running around a rectangle. It takes

time, 2 times in traveling length than traveling
width and the total perimeter is 300 m. Find the
Area?.
 Area and Volume
Solution:
Breadth = X
Length = 2X
Area = 2X*X = 2X2
Perimeter
6X = 300m
X = 50m
Area = 2x2 =2*50*50
Area = 5000 sq.m.
 Probability

There are 5 red shoes 4 green shoes. If one

draws randomly a shoe what is the probability of

getting a red shoe?

CTS Question
 Probability
Answer:

The probability is 5/9

 Probability

A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls are

to be drawn randomly. Two balls are drawn at
random. What is the probability that the balls
drawn contain only blue balls ?
 Probability
Answer :

The probability is 1/21

 Probability

Sam and Jessica are invited to a dance party. If

there are 7 men and 7 women in total at the dance

and 1 woman and 1 man are chosen to lead the

dance, what is the probability that Sam and Jessica

will not chosen to lead the dance ?

 Probability

Answer:

The Probability of Selecting = 1/7*7 = 1/49

The Probability of not Selecting = 1-1/49
= 48/49
 Simple / Compound
Interest

Simple Interest = PNR / 100

Amount A = P + PNR / 100

When Interest is Compound annually:

Amount = P (1 + R / 100)n

Compound Interest = A - P
 Simple / Compound
Interest

• Half-yearly C.I.:
Amount = P (1+(R/2)/100)2n

• Quarterly C.I. :

Amount = P (1+(R/4)/100)4n
 Simple/compound interest
Difference between C.I and S.I for 2 years
= P*(R/100)2.

Difference between C.I and S.I for 3 years

= P{(R/100)3+3 (R/100)2 }
 Simple / Compound
Interest
What is the S.I. on Rs. 3000 at 18% per annum for

the period from 4th Feb 1995 to 18th April 1995

satyam Question
 Simple / Compound
Interest
Answer:
Time = 24+ 31+17 = 73 days = 73/365 = 1/5
P = 3000; R = 18%;
= PNR/100 = 3000*1*18/100*5
The simple interest is Rs. 108
 Simple / Compound
Interest
A sum of money doubles itself at C.I. in 15 years.

In how many years will it become eight times?

Satyam Question
 Simple / Compound
Interest
Solution:
A = P(1+R/100)15
2P =P(1+R/100) 15 ; 2 = (1+R/100)15
If A = 8P
8P = P(1+R/100)n
23 = ( 1+R/100)
[(1+R/100) 15]3 = (1+R/100)n
n = 3*15
It will take a period of 45 years.
 Simple / Compound
Interest
Raja borrowed a certain money at a certain rate of S.I.

After 5 years, he had to pay back twice the amount

that he had borrowed. What was the rate of interest?

TCS Question
 Simple / Compound
Interest
Solution:
A = 2P
A = P + PNR/100
2P = P(1+NR/100)
2 = (1+5*R/100)
1 = R/20
The rate of interest is 20%
 Simple/compound interest

In simple interest what sum amounts to Rs. 1120

in 4 years and Rs. 1200 in 5 years?

CTS Question
 Simple/Compound interest
Answer :

Interest for 1 year = 1200 – 1120 = 80

Interest for 4 year = 80*4 = 320
A = 1120
P = A – P = 1120 – 320
The Principal is Rs. 800
 Simple/Compound interest

A simple interest amount for Rs. 5000 for 6

months is Rs. 200. What is the annual rate of
interest?

CTS Question
 Simple/Compound interest
Solution:
P = 5000; N = 6/12 = ½
I = 200
R = I *100 / P*N
=200*100*2/5000*1
= 40/5 = 8%
The annual rate of interest is 8%
 Simple/Compound interest

A man earns Rs. 450 as an interest in 2 years on

a certain sum invested with a company at the
rate of 12% per annum. Find the sum invested.
 Simple/Compound interest
Solution:
P = I*100/R*N
= 450*100/12*2
Principal = Rs. 1875
 Simple/Compound interest

If Rs. 85 amounts to Rs. 95 in 3 years, what

Rs. 102 will amount in 5 years at the same rate
percent?
 Simple/Compound interest
Solution:

Let P = Rs. 85; A = Rs. 95; I = 10/3 in 1 year

Rate = I*100/P*N =4% ( app)
Amount = P+PNR/100 = 102+20 =122
Hence the amount in 5 years = Rs. 122
 Simple/Compound interest

What will be the difference between S.I and C.I

on a sum of Rs. 4500 put for 2 years at 5% per
annum?
 Simple/Compound interest
Solution:

C.I – S.I = P (R/100)2

= 4500(5/100)2 = 11.25

Difference = Rs. 11.25

 Simple/Compound interest

What will be the C.I on Rs. 15625 for 2½ years

at 4% per annum?
 Simple/Compound interest
Solution:
A = P(1+R/100)n
A = 15625 [(1+4/100)2 ( 1+(4*1/2) / 100)]
= 17238
C.I = A – P
C.I = 17238 - 15625
Compound interest = Rs. 1613
 Average
• Average is a simple way of representing an

entire group in a single value.

• “Average” of a group is defined as:

X = (Sum of items) / (No of items)

 Average
Total temperature for the month of September
is 840C. If the average temperature of that
month is 28C. Find out the days in the month
of September?
 Average
Solution

Number of days= 840/28=30 days

 Average
The painter is paid x rupees for painting every 10m of
a wall and y rupees for painting every extra meter.
During one week, he painted 10m on Monday, 13m
on Tuesday, 12m on Wednesday, 11m on Thursday
and 12m on Friday. What is his average daily earning
in rupees for the five day week?
 Average
Solution:
Day 1 = x, Day 2 = x+3y, Day 3 = x+2y,
Day 4 = x+y, Day 5 = x+2y

Average = (x+ x+3y+ x+2y+ x+y+ x+2y) / 5

= 5x+8y / 5 = 5x/5 + 8y / 5
Average for 5 days is x+ (8y/5)
 Average

The average of 11 observations is 60. If the

average of 1st five observations is 58 and that

of last five is 56, find sixth observation?

 Average
Solution:
5 observations average = 58
Sum = 58*5 = 290
Last 5 observation average = 56
Sum = 56*5 = 280
Total sum of 10 numbers = 570 (290 + 280)
Total sum of 11 numbers = 660 (11*60)
6th number = 90 (660 -570)
 Average

The average of age of 30 students is 9 years. If

the age of their teacher included, it becomes 10

years. Find the age of the teacher?

 Average
Solution:
Total age of 30 students = 30*9 = 270

Including the teacher’s age = 31*10 = 310

Difference is = 310-270 = 40 years

 Permutations and
Combinations
• Factorial Notation:
n! = n(n-1)(n-2)….3.2.1

• Number of Permutations:
n!/(n-r)!

• Combinations:
n!/r!(n –r)!
 Permutations and
Combinations
A foot race will be held on Saturday. How many

different arrangements of medal winners are

possible if medals will be for first, second and

third place, if there are 10 runners in the race …

 Permutations and
Combinations
Solution:
n = 10
r=3
n P r = n!/(n-r)!
= 10! / (10-3)!
= 10! / 7!
= 8*9*10
= 720
Number of ways is 720.
Permutations and Combinations
To fill a number of vacancies, an Employer must
hire 3 programmers from 6 applicants, and two
managers from 4 applicants. What is total
number of ways in which she can make her
selection ?
 Permutations and
Combinations
Solution:

It is selection so use combination formula

Programmers and managers = 6C3 * 4C2

= 20 * 6 = 120

Total number of ways = 120 ways.

 Permutations and
Combinations

A man has 7 friends. In how many ways can

he invite one or more of them to a party?

 Permutations and
Combinations
Solution:
In this problem, the person is going to select
his friends for party, he can select one or more
person, so
= 7C1 + 7C2+7C3 +7C4 +7C5 +7C6 +7C7
= 127
Number of ways is 127
 Percentage

• By a certain Percent, we mean that many

hundredths.

• Thus, x Percent means x hundredths, written

as x%
 Percentage

Two numbers are respectively 30% and 40%

less than a third number. What is the second
number as a percentage of first?
 Percentage
Solution:
Let 3rd number be x.
1st number = x – 30% of x = x – 30x/100 = 70x/ 100 = 7x/10
2nd number = x – 40% of x = x – 40x/100 = 60x/ 100 = 6x/10
Suppose 2nd number = y% of 1st number
6x / 10 = (y/100 )* 7x /10
y = 600 / 7
y = 85 5/7
Hence it is 85 5/7%
 Percentage
After having spent 35% of the money on
machinery, 40% on raw material, 10% on staff, a
person is left with Rs.60,000. What is the total
amount of money spent on machinery and the
raw materials?
 Percentage
Solution:
Let total salary =100%
Spending:
Machinery + Raw material + staff = 35%+40%+10% = 85%
Remaining percentage = 100 %– 85% = 15%
15 % of X = 60000
X = 4, 00,000
In this 4, 00,000
75% for machinery and raw material = 4, 00,000* 75/100
= 3, 00,000
 Percentage

If the number is 20% more than the other,

how much percent is the second number less
than the first?
 Percentage

Solution:
Let X =20
= X / (100+X) *100%
= 20 /120 *100%
=16 2/3%
The percentage is 16 2/3%
 Percentage
An empty fuel tank of a car was filled with A
type petrol. When the tank was half empty, it
was filled with B type petrol. Again when the
tank was half empty, it was filled with A type
petrol. When the tank was half – empty
again, it was filled with B type petrol. What
is the percentage of A type petrol at present in
the tank?
 Percentage
Solution:
Let capacity of the tank be 100 liters. Then,
Initially: A type petrol = 100 liters
After 1st operation:
A = 100/2 = 50 liters, B = 50 liters
After 2nd operation:
A = 50 / 2+50 = 75 liters, B = 50/2 = 25 liters
After 3rd operation:
A = 75/2= 37.5 liters, B = 25/2 +50 = 62.5 liters
Required Percentage of Type A is = 37.5%
 Percentage

Find the percentage increase in the area of a

Rectangle whose length is increased by 20% and
breadth is increased by 10%
 Percentage
Answer:
Percentage of Area Change=( X +Y+ XY/100)%
=20+10+20*10/100
=32%
 Percentage

If A’s income is 40% less than B’s income, then

how much percent is B’s income more than A’s
income?
 Percentage
Answer:
Percentage = R*100%/(100-R)
= (40*100)/ (100-40)
=66 2/3%
 Percentage

One side of a square is increased by 30%. To

maintain the same area by how much percentage
the other side will have to be decreased?
 Percentage
Answer:
Percentage = r*100%/(100+r)
= (30*100) / 130
= 23 1/3%
Boats and streams

•Up stream – against the stream

•Down stream – along the stream
•u = speed of the boat in still water
•v = speed of stream
•Down stream speed (a)= u+v km / hr
•Up stream speed (b)=u-v km / hr
•u = ½(a+b) km/hr
•V = ½(a-b) km / hr
 Boats and streams

A man can row Upstream at 12 kmph and

Downstream at 16 kmph. Find the man’s rate in

still water and rate of the current?

 Boats and streams
Solution:

Rate in still water = 1/2 (16 + 12) = 14 Kmph

Rate of Current = 1/2 (16 – 12 ) = 2 Kmph

 Boats and streams

A Boat is rowed down a river 40 km in 5 hr and

up a river 21 km in 7 hr. Find the speed of the
boat and the river?
 Boats and streams
Solution:
Speed of the Boat Downstream = 40/7 = 8 (a)
Speed of the Boat Upstream = 21/7 = 3 (b)
Speed of the Boat = 1/2 ( a + b ) = 1/2 ( 8+3 )
= 5.5 Kmph
Speed of the River = 1/2 ( a – b ) = 1/2 (8 – 3)
= 2.5 kmph
 Boats and streams
A boat’s crew rowed down a stream from A to B

and up again in 7 ½ hours. If the stream flows at

3km/hr and speed of boat in still water is 5 km/hr.

find the distance from A to B ?

 Boats and streams
Solution:
Down Stream = Sp. of the boat + Sp. of the stream = 5 +3 =8
Up Stream = Sp. of the boat – Sp. of the stream = 5-3 = 2
Let distance be X
Distance/Speed = Time
X/8 + X/2 = 7 ½
X/8 +4X/8 = 15/2
5X / 8 = 15/2
5X = 15/2 * 8
5X = 60
X =12
 Boats and Streams

A boat goes 40 km upstream in 8 hours and 36

km downstream in 6 hours. Find the speed of the
boat in still water in km/hr?
 Boats and Streams
Solution:
Speed of the boat in upstream = 40/8 = 5 km/hr
Speed of the boat in downstream= 36/6 =6 km/hr

Speed of the boat in still water = (5+6 ) / 2

= 5.5 km/hr
 Boats and Streams

A man rows to place 48 km distant and back in

14 hours. He finds that he can row 4 kmph with
the stream in the same time as 3 Kmph against
the stream. Find the rate of the stream?
 Boats and Streams
Solution:
Down stream 4 km in x hours. Then,
Speed Downstream = 4/x km/hr,
Speed Upstream = 3/x km/hr
48/ (4/x) + 48/(3/x) = 14
x = 1/2
Speed of Downstream = 8,
Speed of upstream =6
Rate of the stream =1/2 (8-6) km/hr = 1 km/hr
 Time and Distance

•Speed:-
• Distance covered per unit time is
called speed.
Speed = distance/time (or)
•Distance = speed*time (or)
•Time = distance/speed
 Time and Distance
• Distance covered α Time (direct variation).

• Distance covered α speed (direct variation).

• Time α 1/speed (inverse variation).

 Time and Distance
• Speed from km/hr to m/sec - (Multi by 5/18).

• Speed from m/sec to km/h, - (Multi by 18/5).

• Average Speed:-

Average speed = Total distance traveled

Total time taken
 Time and Distance

From height of 8 m a ball fell down and each

time it bounces half the distance back. What
will be the distance traveled?
satyam Question
 Time and Distance

Solution:

= 8 + 4 + 4+2+2+1+1+0.5+0.5 +….etc.

The total distance traveled is 24 m

 Time and Distance

Two cars are 15 km apart. One is running at a

speed of 50 kmph and the other at 40 kmph. How
much time will it take for the two cars to meet?
satyam Question
 Time and Distance
Solution:
Time taken
=Distance / (S1 – S2)
= 15 / (50 – 40)
= 15 / 10
= 1.5
It will take 1½ hours.
 Time and Distance

The center of a storm shifts 22.5 miles in 1 hour. At

the same rate what time will it take to move 60 miles?
TCS Question
 Time and Distance
Answer:

For 22.5 miles it takes 1 hour

It means for 60 miles T = D / S
Time taken = 60 / 22.5
It will take 2 2/3 hours.
 Time and Distance

By walking at ¾ of his usual speed, a man

reaches office 20 minutes later than usual.

Find his usual time?   

 Time and Distance
Solution:
Usual time = Numerator * late time
= 3*20
= 60
 Time and Distance

A man on motorcycle rides 110 miles in 330

minutes. What is his average speed in miles per
hour?

TCS Question
 Time and Distance
Answer:

Speed = D / T =110*60 /330

The average speed = 20 miles/hour
 Time and Distance
(Trains)
A train starts from Delhi to Madurai and at the
same time another train starts from Madurai to
Delhi after passing each other they complete
their journeys in 9 and 16 hours, respectively.
At what speed does second train travels if first
train travels at 160 km/hr ?
 Time and Distance
(Trains)
Solution:
Let x be the speed of the second train
S1 / S2 = √T2/T1
160/x = √16/9
160/x = 4/3
x = 120
The speed of second train is 120km/hr.
 Time and Distance
(Trains)
Two hours after a freight train leaves Delhi a
passenger train leaves the same station traveling in
the same direction at an average speed of 16 km/hr.
After traveling 4 hours the passenger train overtakes
the freight train. What was the average speed of the
freight train? Wipro Question
 Time and Distance
(Trains)
Solution :
Speed of Passenger train = 16 kmph
Distance = 16*4 = 64
Speed of freight train = Distance / ( S1 + S2 )
= 64 / (4+2)
= 64/6
= 10.6 km/hr
The average speed = 10.6 km/hr
 Time and Distance
(Trains)
There are 20 poles with a constant distance
between each pole. A train takes 24 sec to
reach the 12 pole. How much time will it take
to reach the last pole ?
 Time and Distance
(Trains)
Solution:
To cross 11 poles it is taking 24 sec
To cross 19 poles it will take x time
Poles time
11 24
19 x
11x = 19 * 24
x = 19* 24 /11
x = 41.45 sec
It reaches the last pole in 41.45sec
 Time and Distance
(Trains)
120 m long train crosses the pole after
2½ sec. Find how much time it takes to cross
140 m long platform?
Caritor Question
 Time and Distance
(Trains)
Solution:
To cross 120 m it is taking 2 ½ sec. (5/2sec)
To cross (120 +140)=260 m it will take x sec
120x = 260*5/2 (apply chain rule)
= 5 5/12
It takes 5 5/12 seconds.
 Time and Distance (Trains)

A train X speeding with 120 kmph crossed

another train Y, running in the same direction, in
2 minutes. If the lengths of the trains X and Y be
100 m and 200m respectively, what is the speed
of train Y?
 Time and Distance (Trains)
Solution:
Let the speed of train Y be x km/hr
Relative Speed of X to Y = (120 –x) km/hr
= [(120 –x)*5/18] m/sec
=( 600 – 5x) / 18 m/sec
T = D / Rel. Speed
300 / (600 – 5x /18) = 120 ( 2 Minutes )
5400 = 120 (600 -5x)
x = 111 m/sec.
 Profit and Loss
• Cost Price. - CP

• Selling Price. - SP

• Profit or Gain. - P = SP – CP

• Loss. - L = CP - SP
 Profit and Loss
.
• Gain% = [(Gain*100)/C.P.]

• Loss% = [(Loss*100)/C.P.]

• S.P. = ((100 + Gain%)/100)C.P.

• S.P. = ((100 – Loss%)/100)C.P.

 Profit and Loss

Anu bought a necklace for Rs. 750 and sold it

for Rs. 675. Find her Loss percentage?.
 Profit and Loss
Solution:

CP = 750, SP = 675 L = 750 – 675 = 75

Loss% = loss /CP *100

= 75*100/750

= 10%

Loss 10%
 Profit and Loss

A shopkeeper bought a watch for Rs. 400 and

sold it for Rs. 500. What is his profit percentage?

TCS Question
 Profit and Loss
Solution:

CP = 400; SP = 500 P = 500 – 400 = 100

Profit % = Profit /CP *100

= 100*100/400

= 25%

Profit 25%
 Profit and Loss

By Selling 15 Mangoes , a Fruit vendor recovers

the cost price of 20 Mangoes. Find the profit
percentage?
 Profit and Loss
Solution:
The expenditure and the revenue are equated,
Percentage of profit =Goods left*100
Goods sold
= ( 5*100 ) /15 = 33.3%
 Profit and Loss

A shopkeeper loses 7% by selling a cricket ball

for Rs. 31. for how much should he sell the ball
so as to gain 5%
 Profit and Loss
Solution:
First case S.P = Rs. 31 and Loss% = 7%
C.P = [100/(100 – loss%)]*S.P = (100*31) / (100-7)
= 100 / 3
Second case, C.P = Rs 100 / 3 and gain% = 5%
S.P = [(100+gain 5%) / 100]*C.P
= [ (100+5 ) / 100] * 100/3
= Rs. 35
 Profit and Loss
What is the selling price of a Toy car if the cost
of the car is Rs. 60 and a profit of 10% over
selling price is earned?

CTS Question
 Profit and Loss
Solution:
Profit = 60*10/100
=6
Selling Price = C.P + Profit
= 60 + 6
Selling Price = Rs. 66
 Profit and Loss

Find the single discount to a series discount

20%, 10% and 5%.
 Profit and Loss
Answer:
SP = [( 80*90*95 )/ 100*100*100 ]* CP
= 0.684 CP
Discount = (1 – 0.684) * 100%
= 0.316 *100 %
Discount = 31.6%
 Calendar
Odd days:
0 = Sunday
1 = Monday
2 = Tuesday
3 = Wednesday
4 = Thursday
5 = Friday
6 = Saturday
 Calendar
Month code: Ordinary year
J=0 F=3
M=3 A=6
M=1 J=4
J=6 A=2
S=5 O=0
N=3 D=5
Month code for leap year after Feb. add 1.
 Calendar
Ordinary year = (A + B + C + D )-2
-----------------------take remainder
7

Leap year = (A + B + C + D) – 3
------------------------- take remainder
7
 Calendar

What is the day of the week on 30/09/2007?

 Calendar
Solution:
A = 2007 / 7 = 5
B = 2007 / 4 = 501 / 7 = 4
C = 30 / 7 = 2
D=5
( A + B + C + D )-2
= -----------------------
7
= ( 5 + 4 + 2 + 5) -2
----------------------- = 14/7 = 0 = Sunday
7
 Calendar
What was the day of the week on 13 th May,

1984?
 Calendar
Solution:
A = 1984 / 7 = 3
B = 1984 / 4 = 496 / 7 = 6
C = 13 / 7 = 6
D=2
( A + B + C + D) -3
= -----------------------
7
= 14/7= 0, Sunday.
 Calendar

On what dates of April 2005 did Sunday fall?

 Calendar
Solution:
You should find for 1st April 2005 and then you find the Sundays date.
A = 2005 / 7 = 3
B = 2005 / 4 = 501 / 7
=4
C=1/7=1
D=6
(A + B + C + D) -2
= -----------------------
7
3 + 4 + 1 + 6 -2
----------------------- = 12 / 7 = 5 = Friday.
7
1st is Friday means Sunday falls on 3, 10, 17, 24
 Calendar

What was the day on 5th January 1986?

 Calendar
Solution:

A = 1986 / 7 = 5
B = 1986 / 4 = 496/7 = 6
C=5/7=5
D=0
(A + B + C + D) -2
= -----------------------
7
5 + 6 + 5 + 0-2
= ----------------------- = 14 / 7 = Sunday
7
 Data Interpretation

In interpretation of data, a chart or a graph is

given. Some questions are given below this chart

or graph with some probable answers. The

candidate has to choose the correct answer from

the given probable answers.

• 1. The following table gives the distribution of students according to
professional courses:
__________________________________________________________________
Courses Faculty
___________________________________
Commerce Science Total
Boys girls Boys girls
___________________________________________________________
• Part time management 30 10 50 10 100
• C. A. only 150 8 16 6 180
• Costing only 90 10 37 3 140
• C. A. and Costing 70 2 7 1 80
__________________________________________________________________
• On the basis of the above table, answer the following questions:
 Data Interpretation
The percentage of all science students over

Commerce students in all courses is

approximately:

(a) 20.5 (b) 49.4

(c) 61.3 (d) 35.1

 Data Interpretation
Answer:

Percentage of science students over commerce

students in all courses = 35.1%
 Data Interpretation
What is the average number of girls in all

courses ?

(a) 15 (b) 12.5

(c) 16 (d) 11
 Data Interpretation

Answer:

Average number of girls in all courses = 50 / 4

= 12.5
 Data Interpretation
What is the percentage of boys in all courses

over the total students?

(a) 90 (b) 80

(c) 70 (d) 76
 Data Interpretation
Answer:

Percentage of boys over all students

= (450 x 100) / 500
= 90%
 Data Sufficiency
Find given data is sufficient to solve the
problem or not.
A.If statement I alone is sufficient but
statement II alone is not sufficient
B.If statement II alone is sufficient but
statement I alone is not sufficient
C.If both statements together are sufficient but
neither of statement alone is sufficient.
D.If both together are not sufficient
 Data Sufficiency

What is John’s age?

I. In 15 years will be twice as old as Dias
would be
II. Dias was born 5 years ago. (Wipro)
 Data Sufficiency

Answer:
c) If both statements together are sufficient but
neither of statement alone is sufficient.
 Data Sufficiency

What is the distance from city A to city C in

kms?
I. City A is 90 kms from city B.
II.City B is 30 kms from city C
 Data Sufficiency

Answer:

d) If both together are not sufficient

 Data Sufficiency

If A, B, C are real numbers, Is A = C?

I. A – B = B – C
II. A – 2C = C – 2B
 Data Sufficiency

Answer:
D . If both together are not sufficient
 Data Sufficiency

What is the 30th term of a given sequence?

I. The first two term of the sequence are 1, ½
II. The common difference is -1/2
 Data Sufficiency

Answer:
A. If statement I alone is sufficient but
statement II alone is not sufficient
 Data Sufficiency

Was Avinash early, on time or late for work?

I. He thought his watch was 10 minute fast.
II. Actually his watch was 5 minutes slow.
 Data Sufficiency

Answer:
D. If both together are not sufficient
 Data Sufficiency

What is the value of A if A is an integer?

I. A4 = 1
II. A3 + 1 = 0
 Data Sufficiency

Answer:
B. If statement II alone is sufficient but
statement I alone is not sufficient
 Venn Diagram

If X and Y are two sets such that X u Y has 18

elements, X has 8 elements, and Y has 15

elements, how many element does X n Y have?

 Venn Diagram

Solution:
We are given n (X uY) = 18, n (X) = 8, n (Y)
=15. using the formula.
n( X n Y) = n (X) + n (Y) - n ( X u Y)
n( X n Y) = 8 + 15 – 18
n( X n Y) = 5
 Venn Diagram

If S and T are two sets such that S has

21elemnets, T has 32 elements, and S n T has

11 elements, how many element elements does

S u T have?
 Venn Diagram

Answer:
n (s) = 21, n (T) = 32, n ( S n T) = 11,
n (S u T) = ?
n (S u T) = n (S) + n( T) – n (S n T)
= 21 + 32 – 11 = 42
 Venn Diagram

If A and B are two sets such that A has 40

elements, A u B has 60 elements and A n B has

10 elements, how many element elements does

B have?
 Venn Diagram

Answer:
n ( A) = 40, n ( n B) = 60 and n ( A n B) = 10,
n ( A u B) = n ( A) + n (B) – n ( A n B)
60 = 40 + n (B) – 10
n (B) = 30
 Venn Diagram

In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 people

who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak

English. How many can Speak Hindi only?

Answer:
n( H u E) = 1000, n (H) = 750, n (E) = 400,
n( H u E) = n (H) + n (E) – n( H n E)
1000 = 750 +400 – n ( H n E)
n ( H n E) = 1150 – 100 = 150
No. of people can speak Hindi only
_
= n ( H n E) = n ( H) – n( H n E)
= 750 – 150 = 600
 Venn Diagram

In a class of 100 students, the number of

students passed in English only is 46, in maths
only is 46, in commerce only is 58. the number
who passes in English and Maths is 16, Maths
and commerce is 24 and English and commerce
is 26, and the number who passed in all the
subject is 7. find the number of the students
who failed in all the subjects.
 Venn Diagram

Solution:
No. of students who passed in one or more
subjects
= 11+ 9 + 13 + 17 + 15 + 19 + 7 = 91
No of students who failed in all the subjects
= 100 -91 = 9
 Venn Diagram

In a group of 15, 7 have studied Latin, 8 have

studied Greek, and 3 have not studied either.

How many of these studied both Latin and

Greek?
 Venn Diagram

Answer:
3 of them studied both Latin and Greek.