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Lecture 09 - Pulse Code Modulation I

The document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which is used to transmit analog signals in digital form. It describes the key steps of PCM: 1. Filtering is used to remove frequencies above 3kHz from the analog signal. 2. Sampling converts the filtered analog signal to a digital pulse amplitude modulation signal by taking regular samples. 3. The sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the original signal to avoid aliasing according to the Nyquist criterion.

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65 views27 pages

Lecture 09 - Pulse Code Modulation I

The document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which is used to transmit analog signals in digital form. It describes the key steps of PCM: 1. Filtering is used to remove frequencies above 3kHz from the analog signal. 2. Sampling converts the filtered analog signal to a digital pulse amplitude modulation signal by taking regular samples. 3. The sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the original signal to avoid aliasing according to the Nyquist criterion.

Uploaded by

nabeel hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

COMSATS Fall 2016 (Rev. 1.

0)

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)


EEE 351

Lecture # 09
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
COMSATS PCS

Types of Signals
• Analog domain describes the signal which are continuous, both in time
and amplitude/signal values.

• Digital domain encompasses all the signal which are discrete, both in time
and amplitude/signal values.

• Except for these two types of signals, there are certain signal which have
the properties from both these domains.
COMSATS PCS

Types of Signals
COMSATS PCS

Why Transmit Digitally?


• Humans have the capability to • On the other hand, the digital data
generate and interpret the analog can take only pre-defined fixed values
signals. ‘0’ or ‘1’ normally.

• Transmitting the data digitally enables


• When a signal is transmitted using
the removal of noise as the random
analog systems, it is contaminated
values in between the pre-defined
by the noise and attenuates with values are discarded. Moreover,
the increasing distance. digital data can be amplified without
amplification of the noise.
• Additionally, amplification of
analog signals also amplifies the • In order to transmit the analog data in
noise so overall signal to noise the digital format, a
ratio remains poor even after technique/process know as Pulse
amplification. Code Modulation (PCM) is used.
COMSATS PCS

Pulse Code Modulation


• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is • The essential steps of PCM are
sometimes known as waveform – Filtering.
coding as it creates the a coded – Sampling
form of original waveform. – Quantization.
– Encoding.
• To transmit the human voice
digitally, the analog sound
waveform is converted into digital
format using Pulse Code
Modulation.

• The Pulse Code modulation


consists of four essential steps/
sub processes.
COMSATS PCS

Pulse Code Modulation- Filtering


• The filtering is used to eliminate • The filter is designed in such a
the high frequency content of the way to remove all the frequencies
signal. above 3kHz.

• Most of the energy in human • Which type of filter is used?


voice is concentrated in 200-2800
Hz. To accommodate this signal a • The filtering process is necessary
bandwidth of 3kHz is assumed. in order to prevent aliasing so this
filter is also termed as anti-
• For hardware implementation aliasing filter.
bandwidth of 4 kHz is allowed.
• Details of aliasing shall be
covered later.
COMSATS PCS

Pulse Code Modulation- Sampling


• The second step of this • The frequency of the pulse train
conversion is Sampling. is constant. This frequency is
known as sampling frequency Fs.
• The filtered signal is sampled at a What should be the sampling
constant frequency using a frequency?
process known as Pulse
Amplitude Modulation (PAM).

• In Pulse Amplitude Modulation


(PAM) original signal is used to
modulate the amplitude of the
pulse train having a constant
frequency and amplitude.

http://www.engineersgarage.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/Original/wysiwyg_imageupload/4214/Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation-(PAM).jpg
COMSATS PCS

Basic elements of a PCM system


COMSATS PCS

Sampling Frequency and Nyquist Criterion


• The sampling frequency is chosen • In terms of time, the Nyquist
according to the Nyquist Sampling sampling criterion can be
Theorem. expressed as
Ts > 1/(2fmax)
• The Nyquist sampling theorem states
that the original signal can be
reconstructed only if enough • The sampling rate fs = 2fmax is
samples are taken. This is possible if known as Nyquist Rate.
the sampling frequency is greater
than twice the maximum frequency • If Nyquist criterion is not
of the signal to be sampled.
satisfied, a phenomena known as
Aliasing occurs and the original
fs > 2fmax signal cannot be reconstructed at
where fs= Sampling frequency the receiver.
fmax= Maximum signal frequency
COMSATS PCS

Sampling Theory

• In many applications, e.g. PCM, it is useful to represent a


signal in terms of sample values taken at appropriately
spaced intervals.
• The signal can be reconstructed from the sampled
waveform by passing it through an ideal low pass filter.
• In order to ensure a faithful reconstruction, the original
signal must be sampled at an appropriate rate as described
in the Nyquist’s sampling theorem.
– A real-valued band-limited signal having no spectral components
above a frequency of B Hz is determined uniquely by its values at
uniform intervals spaced no greater than seconds apart.
COMSATS PCS

Aliasing
• Aliasing occurs when a signal • During the sampling process, the
above half the sample rate is signal frequencies are added and
allowed / created into the output subtracted from the sampling
of the sampled signal. frequency. In other words, upper
and lower side bands are
• Aliasing causes the different produced.
signals to become
indistinguishable. • The sum and difference products
are repeated after every fs and
around fs.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AliasingSines.svg/350px-AliasingSines.svg.png
COMSATS PCS

Aliasing

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Aliasing

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Aliasing
COMSATS PCS

Aliasing
COMSATS PCS

Aliasing
COMSATS PCS

Aliasing
COMSATS PCS

Aliasing
COMSATS PCS

A Solution: The Antialiasing Filter


COMSATS PCS

Practical Sampling
COMSATS PCS

Practical Sampling
COMSATS PCS

Some Applications of Sampling


Theorem
• Sampling theorem is very important in signal analysis,
processing and transmission because it allows to replace a
continuous time signal by a discrete sequence of numbers.
This leads into the area of digital filtering.
• In communication, the transmission of continuous-time
message reduces to the transmission of a sequence of
numbers. This opens the doors to many new techniques of
communicating continuous-time signals by pulse trains.
• The continuous-time signal g(t) is sampled, and sampled
values are used to modify certain parameters of a periodic
pulse train.
COMSATS PCS

Some Applications of
Sampling Theorem

• The sampled value can be used to vary amplitude, width or


position of the pulse in proportion to the sample values of the
signal g(t). Accordingly we get

Value of
g(t) the sample Pulse
Sampling
Modulation
COMSATS PCS

Pulse Modulated Signals


COMSATS PCS

Some Applications of Sampling Theorem

• Pulse modulation permits simultaneous transmission of several


signals on a time-sharing basis: Time Division Multiplexing.
Because a pulse modulated signal occupies only a part of the
channel time, therefore several pulse modulated signals can be
transmitted on the same channel by interweaving.
• Similarly several baseband signals can be transmitted
simultaneously by frequency division multiplexing where
spectrum of each message is shifted to a specific band not
occupied by any other signal.
COMSATS PCS

Anti-Aliasing
• In order to prevent aliasing two • The practically realizable filters
techniques are used. have a non zero transition
bandwidth.
• The signal is always sampled at a
frequency greater than twice the • In some systems, the filter
maximum frequency (fs) instead transition bandwidth is adjusted
of the frequency equal to twice to be 10 to 20 % of the signal
the maximum frequency (fs) of bandwidth.
signal to be sampled.
• Transition bandwidth and
• An anti-alisaing filter is used sampling frequency both are cost
before sampling in order to band sensitive so these must be
limit the signal to be sampled. selected properly.
COMSATS PCS

References
[1] Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
Edition.
[2] http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan06/articles/qa0106_2.htm

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