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Lecture 11 & 12 - PCM Waveforms

This document discusses Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) waveforms. It describes several common PCM waveforms including: 1. Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) which includes NRZ-Level, NRZ-Mark, and NRZ-Space. 2. Return to Zero (RZ) which includes Unipolar RZ, Bipolar RZ, and RZ-Alternate Mark Inversion. 3. Bi-phase including Bi-phase Level, Bi-phase Mark, and Bi-phase Space. It also covers parameters of PCM waveforms such as DC component elimination, error detection, bandwidth compression, and noise immunity.

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186 views14 pages

Lecture 11 & 12 - PCM Waveforms

This document discusses Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) waveforms. It describes several common PCM waveforms including: 1. Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) which includes NRZ-Level, NRZ-Mark, and NRZ-Space. 2. Return to Zero (RZ) which includes Unipolar RZ, Bipolar RZ, and RZ-Alternate Mark Inversion. 3. Bi-phase including Bi-phase Level, Bi-phase Mark, and Bi-phase Space. It also covers parameters of PCM waveforms such as DC component elimination, error detection, bandwidth compression, and noise immunity.

Uploaded by

nabeel hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMSATS Fall 2016(Rev.1.

0)

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)


EEE 351

Lecture # 11 & 12
PCM Waveforms
COMSATS PCS

PCM Waveforms
• The process of Pulse code • Generally a bit ‘1’ is represented by
Modulation converts the analog the presence of pulse and a ‘0’ is
signal into the sequence of bits. represented by the absence of pulse.

• Bits are only the representation of • The pulse width can have any value
data without any physical existence. up to the maximum of bit
interval/time. The details of pulse
width and its effect on the receiver
• The bits must be represented by a
design will be discussed later.
voltage level if they are to be
transmitted.
• When this pulse modulation is
applied to the bits obtained from
• These bits can be represented using PCM, it is known as PCM waveform.
pulses and transmitted using a
baseband channel.
COMSATS PCS

PCM Waveforms

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

PCM Waveforms
• There are four major types of •
PCM waveforms which include
– Non Return to Zero (NRZ).
– Return to Zero (RZ).
– Phase Encoded.
– Multilevel Binary.

• These waveforms are used in


telephony systems and are also
known as line codes.

• There are certain line codes


which are applied to non binary
COMSATS PCS

Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)


• NRZ is the most commonly used • NRZ-Level or NRZ-L
waveform type and divided into 3 – A binary ‘1’ is represented by one
subgroups. voltage level.
– NRZ-L evel OR NRZ-L – A binary ‘0’ is represented by
another voltage level.
– NRZ-Mark OR NRZ-M
– There is a change in level whenever
– NRZ-Space OR NRZ-S
there is a change in data (from ‘1’ to
‘0’ or from ‘0’ to ‘1’).
– Used in digital logic circuits.

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)


• NRZ-Mark or NRZ-M • NRZ-Space or NRZ-S
– A binary ‘1’ or mark is represented by – Complement of NRZ-M
a change in level. – A binary ‘0’ or space is represented
– A binary ‘0’ or space is represented by a change in level.
by no change in level. – A binary ‘1’ or mark is represented
– Also referred to as Differential by no change in level.
Encoding.
– Used in Magnetic Tape Recording.

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Return to Zero (RZ)


• RZ waveforms are subdivided into • Unipolar RZ
3 groups – A binary ‘1’ is represented by
– Unipolar RZ. pulse having a width equal to
– Bipolar RZ. half of bit time.
– RZ-AMI – A binary ‘0’ is represented by
the absence of pulse.

• Used in baseband transmission


and magnetic recording.

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Return to Zero (RZ)


• Bipolar Return to Zero (RZ) • RZ- Alternate Mark Inversion
– Binary ‘1’ and ‘0’ are represented (AMI)
by opposite polarity pulses. – Binary ‘1s’ are represented by equal
– These pulses are half bit wide. amplitude alternate pulses.
– Binary ‘0s’ are represented by the
absence of pulse.
– Used in telephone systems.

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Return to Zero (RZ)

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Bi-phase
• Bi-phase waveforms are further • Bi-phase Level (L)
divided into 03 sub groups – A binary ‘1’ is represented by a
– Bi-phase-Level (L). half bit wide pulse positioned
– Bi-phase-Mark (M). during the first half of bit
– interval.
Bi-phase-Space (S)
– Used in magnetic recording
systems, Optical Communications – A binary ‘0’ is represented by a
and satellite telemetry systems. half bit wide pulse positioned
during the second half of bit
interval.

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Bi-phase
• Bi-phase Mark (M) • Bi-phase Space (S)
– A transition occurs at the start of – A transition occurs at the start
every bit interval. of every bit interval.
– A binary ‘1’ is represented by a – A binary ‘0’ is represented by a
second transition one half bit second transition one half bit
interval later. interval later.
– A binary ‘0’ is represented by no – A binary ‘1’ is represented by no
second transition. second transition.

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

Parameters of PCM Waveforms


• DC Component • Error Detection
– Elimination of DC component can – Certain PCM waveforms provide some form
of error detection.
enable the systems to be AC coupled.
– Example?
– The systems using transformer
coupling have low sensitivity to low
frequency signal.
• Bandwidth Compression
– Such systems can lose low frequency
– Some PCM waveforms provide better
information. bandwidth efficiency by using multi-level
codes.

• Self Clocking
– Symbol or bit synchronization is • Noise Immunity
crucial for digital systems. – Some PCM waveforms have better noise
immunity than others.
– Some PCM signals provide inherent
– NRZ better than uni-polar RZ
clocking signal.
– Example?

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.


COMSATS PCS

References
[1] Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
Edition.

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