Lecture 11 & 12 - PCM Waveforms
Lecture 11 & 12 - PCM Waveforms
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Lecture # 11 & 12
PCM Waveforms
COMSATS PCS
PCM Waveforms
• The process of Pulse code • Generally a bit ‘1’ is represented by
Modulation converts the analog the presence of pulse and a ‘0’ is
signal into the sequence of bits. represented by the absence of pulse.
• Bits are only the representation of • The pulse width can have any value
data without any physical existence. up to the maximum of bit
interval/time. The details of pulse
width and its effect on the receiver
• The bits must be represented by a
design will be discussed later.
voltage level if they are to be
transmitted.
• When this pulse modulation is
applied to the bits obtained from
• These bits can be represented using PCM, it is known as PCM waveform.
pulses and transmitted using a
baseband channel.
COMSATS PCS
PCM Waveforms
PCM Waveforms
• There are four major types of •
PCM waveforms which include
– Non Return to Zero (NRZ).
– Return to Zero (RZ).
– Phase Encoded.
– Multilevel Binary.
Bi-phase
• Bi-phase waveforms are further • Bi-phase Level (L)
divided into 03 sub groups – A binary ‘1’ is represented by a
– Bi-phase-Level (L). half bit wide pulse positioned
– Bi-phase-Mark (M). during the first half of bit
– interval.
Bi-phase-Space (S)
– Used in magnetic recording
systems, Optical Communications – A binary ‘0’ is represented by a
and satellite telemetry systems. half bit wide pulse positioned
during the second half of bit
interval.
Bi-phase
• Bi-phase Mark (M) • Bi-phase Space (S)
– A transition occurs at the start of – A transition occurs at the start
every bit interval. of every bit interval.
– A binary ‘1’ is represented by a – A binary ‘0’ is represented by a
second transition one half bit second transition one half bit
interval later. interval later.
– A binary ‘0’ is represented by no – A binary ‘1’ is represented by no
second transition. second transition.
• Self Clocking
– Symbol or bit synchronization is • Noise Immunity
crucial for digital systems. – Some PCM waveforms have better noise
immunity than others.
– Some PCM signals provide inherent
– NRZ better than uni-polar RZ
clocking signal.
– Example?
References
[1] Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
Edition.