CHAPTER IV

CONCRETE
CE 206 – CMT | CE22FA4 |GROUP 1
ARUTA | BERNABE | NABOR | NUNAG | VERDIN | VIDALLON
CONTENT:

I. WHAT IS CONCRETE?
II. COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE
IV. REINFORCEMENT
V. CONCRETE PRODUCTION
VI. WORKABILITY
VII.CURING
VIII.PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet concrete)
X. CONCRETE TESTING (for dry concrete)
Dora & The Three
Little Pigs
I. WHAT IS CONCRETE?
I. WHAT IS CONCRETE?
CONCRETE
• Most versatile and most widely used
construction material worldwide.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE
• Strong
• Durable
• Low maintenance
• Fire Resistive
• Cheap
HISTORY OF CONCRETE
• The first concrete-like
structures were built by
the Nabataea traders or
Bedouins (regions of
southern Syria and
northern Jordan) in around
6500 BC.
• They later discovered the
advantages of hydraulic
lime- that is, cement that
hardens underwater.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
 II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
Cement Gravel

Cement + Fine Aggregates + Coarse Aggregates +

Water

Sand Water
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
CEMENT
• Is a binder.
• It is a substance used in
construction that sets,
hardens and adheres to
other materials binding
them together.
• Lime or calcium silicate
based and can be
characterized as
hydraulics or non-
HYDRAULIC VS. NON-
HYDRAULIC CEMENT
HARDENING
• Hydraulic cement starts to harden instantly and can
be completed in as little as a few minutes if applied to
small areas, or a few days for bigger projects.
• Non-hydraulic cement takes longer to harden, which
delays the completion of projects.

DRY CONDITIONS
• Hydraulic cement can harden while in contact with
water.
• Non-hydraulic cement needs dry conditions to
strengthen.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
HYDRAULICS CEMENT
It is a cement that harden by reaction with water
and form a water-resistant product.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
ASTM C1157 (Standard Performance Specification
for Hydraulic Cement)
6 TYPES OF HYDRAULICS CEMENT
1. Type GU: General Use
2. Type HE: High Early Strength
3. Type MS: Moderate Sulfate Resistance
4. Type HS: High Sulfate Resistance
5. Type MH: Moderate Heat of hydration
6. Type LH: Low Heat of Hydration
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
PORTLAND CEMENT
• It is one of the most
commonly used type of
hydraulic cement.
• It was named because of the
similarity of its color to Portland
limestone.
HISTORY OF PORTLAND
CEMENT
• Joseph Aspdin took out a
patent in 1824 for "Portland
Cement," a material he
produced by firing finely-ground
clay and limestone until the
limestone was calcined.
• He called it Portland Cement
because the concrete made
from it looked like Portland
ASTM C150
(Standard Specification for Portland Cement)

TYPES OF PORTLAND
CEMENT
• Type 1
- Normal Portland cement. Type
1 is a general use cement.
- It is commonly used for
general construction, especially
when making precast, and
precast-prestressed concrete
that is not to be in contact with
soils or ground water.
ASTM C150
(Standard Specification for Portland Cement)

• Type 2
- Is used for structures in water
or soil containing moderate
amounts of sulfate, or when heat
build-up is a concern.
- This type is for general
construction exposed to
moderate sulfate attack, and is
meant for use when concrete is
in contact with soils and ground
water.
ASTM C150
(Standard Specification for Portland Cement)

• Type 3
- High early strength. Used when high strength are
desired at very early periods.
- It is usually used for precast concrete
manufacture, where high one-day strength allows
fast turnover of molds. It may also be used in
emergency construction and repairs, and
construction of machine bases and gate
installations.
ASTM C150
(Standard Specification for Portland Cement)

• Type 4
- Low heat portland cement.
Used where the amount
and rate of heat
generation must be kept to
a minimum.
- This cement is used for
very large concrete
structures, such as dams,
which have a low surface
to volume ratio.
ASTM C150
(Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
• Type 5
- Sulfate resistant portland cement. Used where the
water or soil is high in alkali.
 ASTM C150
(Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
• Types IA, IIA and IIIA are cements used to make air-
entrained concrete. They have the same properties
as types I, II, and III, except that they have small
quantities of air-entrained materials combined with
them.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
WATER
It is another components
that is needed to make a
cement paste. It should be
clean from trash ,organic
matter and chemicals.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
AGGREGATES
It is a granular
substance, such as
sand, gravel or crushed
stone. It constitute
typically 75% of the
concrete volume.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
GRAVEL (Coarse Aggregate)
Gravel is formed of rocks that are unconnected to
each other. ‘Gravel is composed of unconsolidated
rock fragments that have a general particle size
range and include size classes from granule- to
boulder-sized fragments.’
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
SAND (Fine Aggregate)
Sand occurs naturally and is composed of fine rock
material and mineral particles. Its composition is
variable depending on the source. It is defined by
size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
ADMIXTURES
These are the ingredients in
concrete other than the
Portland cement, water, and
aggregate that are added to
the mix immediately before
or during mixing.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
1. Air Entraining Agents
2. Water-reducing Admixtures
3. Retarding Admixtures
4. Accelerating Admixtures
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
TYPES OF
ADMIXTURE
1. Air Entraining
Agents
- chemicals that are
added to concrete to
improve its freeze thaw
resistance
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
2. Water-reducing
Admixtures
- also known as super
plasticizers, are chemical that
lower the viscosity of concrete
in its liquid state, typically by
creating electrostatic surface
charges on the cement and
very fine aggregate particles.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
TYPES OF
ADMIXTURE
3. Retarding
Admixtures
- which slow the setting
rate of concrete are
used to counteract the
accelerating effect of
hot weather on
concrete setting.
II. COMPONENTS OF
CONCRETE
TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
4. Accelerating
Admixtures
- increase the rate of
early strength
development, reduce the
time required for proper
curing and protection,
and speed up the start of
finishing operations
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

TYPES OF CONCRETE
1. Regular Concrete
2. High-strength Concrete
3. Stamped Concrete
4. High-performance Concrete
5. Self Consolidating Concrete
6. Vacuum Concrete
7. Shotcrete
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

TYPES OF CONCRETE
8. Pervious Concrete
9. Cellular Concrete
10. Glass Concrete
11. Nanoconcrete
12. Polymer Concrete
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

1. REGULAR CONCRETE
• It is the simplest kind of concrete
that does not require any
reinforcement. The most commonly
used mix is cement, aggregates
and water in the proportion 1:2:4.
Usually, plain concrete is used for
constructing pavements, footpaths
and buildings in areas that do not
require high tensile strength.
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

2. HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE
• The concretes that have
strength greater than 40MPa
can be termed as high strength
concrete. This increased
strength is achieved by
decreasing the water-cement
ratio even lower than 0.35.
Design mix: mix proportioning,
shape of aggregates, and
supplementary cementitious
materials
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

3. STAMPED CONCRETE
• Stamped concrete is an
architectural concrete where
realistic patterns similar to
natural stones, granites, and
tiles can be obtained by
placing impression of
professional stamping pads.
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE
4. HIGH-PERFORMANCE
CONCRETE
• These concretes conform to a
particular standard but in no
case, will be limited to
strength.
Take note: that all the high
strength concrete can be high-
performance type. But not all
high-performance concrete
(HPC) are high strength
concrete.
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE
5. SELF – CONSOLIDATED
CONCRETE
• The concrete mix when placed will
compact by its own weight is
regarded as self-consolidated
concrete. No vibration must be
provided for the same separately.
• This concrete due to its higher
workability is also called as flowing
concrete. The areas where there is
thick reinforcement, self –
consolidating concrete works best.
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

6. VACUUM CONCRETE
• Vacuum concrete is the one
from which water is removed
by vacuum pressure after
placement of concrete
structural member. Vacuum
concrete has high strength
and durability than normal
concrete.
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

7. SHOTCRETE CONCRETE
• Here the concrete type differs in
the way it is applied on the area
to be cast. The concrete is shot
into the frame or the prepared
structural formwork with the help
of a nozzle. As the shooting is
carried out in a higher air
pressure, the placing and the
compaction process will be
occurring at the same time.
• They are applied in two ways:
Dry Process and Wet Process
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

8. PERVIOUS CONCRETE
• Pervious or permeable
concrete are concrete
that are designed such a
way that it allows the
water to pass through it.
 Parking
Pedestrian
Areas
Walkways

Areas with Greenhouse

Light Traffic Constructio
n
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

 9. CELLULAR CONCRETE

• Cellular concrete is a special engineered concrete
manufactured by mixing Portland cement, sand, fly ash,
water and pre-formed foam in varied proportions to form a
hardened material having an oven-dry density of 50
pounds per cubic foot (PCF) or less.
• One of the important characteristics of specially
formulated cellular concrete is the self-compacting
property wherein no compaction is required and it steadily
flows out of a pump outlet to fill the mould. Due to this
property, it can be pumped over major height and
distances.
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

Advantages of Cellular Concrete

1. Lightweight
2. Fire Resistance
3. Thermal Insulation
4. Acoustical Insulation
5. Environmental Friendly
6. Cost-Efficient
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

10. Glass Concrete

• The recycled glass can be
used as aggregates in
concrete. Thus, we get a
concrete of modern times,
the glass concrete. This
concrete will increase the
aesthetic appeal of the
concrete. They also provide
long-term strength and better
thermal insulation also.
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

11. NANO CONCRETE

• A concrete made with Portland cement particles that
are less than 500nm as a cementing agent
• Currently cement particle sizes range from a few
Nano-meters to a maximum of about 100 micro
meters
III. TYPES OF CONCRETE

12. POLYMER CONCRETE

• It is composed of well-graded aggregates and resin
binder. The production of polymer concrete will help
in the reduction of volume of voids in the aggregate.
This will hence reduce the amount of polymer that is
necessary to bind the aggregates used.
IV. REINFORCEMENT
IV. REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENTS
Solving the problem of
concrete in tensile stress,
as the concrete is strong
in compressive but weak
in tension, the reinforcing
bar used as a tension
device to strengthen and
hold the concrete in
tension.
V. CONCRETE
V. CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
CONCRETE PRODUCTION
The process of mixing together the various
ingredients – water, aggregate, cement, and any
additives – to produce concrete. Concrete
production is time-sensitive. Once the ingredients
are mixed, workers must put the concrete in place
before it hardens. In modern usage, most concrete
production takes place in a large type of industrial
facility called a concrete plant, or often a batch
plant.
V. CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
TYPES OF MIXES
1. NOMINAL MIX
2. DESIGN MIX
3. STANDARD MIX
V. CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
TYPES OF MIXES
1. NOMINAL MIX
It is a mix considering
all ratio in volume
where strength and cost
of concrete varies
V. CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
TYPES OF MIXES
2. DESIGN MIX
It is mix considering
all ratio of mix, and
the strength of
concrete is constant
and the cost of
concrete can be
reduced.
V. CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
TYPES OF MIXES
3. STANDARD MIX
The nominal mixes of fixed
cement-aggregate ratio (by
volume) differ largely in
strength and lead to under-
or over-rich mixes. Due to
this, at least compressive
strength is contained in
various specifications. These
mixes are known as
V. CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
Grade of Ratio Nature of Work
Cement
M5 1:5:10 Mass, concrete for heavy walls, footing,
foundation
M7.5 1:4:8 Mass concrete for foundation of less
importance
M10 1:3:6 Mass concrete for foundation of less
importance
M15 1:2:4 For general works (slab, beams, column)
M20 1:1.5:3 Water retaining structures
M25 1:1:2 Heavily loaded structures (long span slab,
beams)
VI. WORKABILITY
VI. WORKABILITY
WORKABILITY
The ability of a fresh (plastic)
concrete mix to fill the form/mold
properly with the desired work
(vibration) and without reducing
the concretes quality. Workability
depends on water content,
aggregate (shape and size),
cementitious content and age
(level of hydration) and can be
modified by adding chemical
admixtures, like superplasticizer
VI. WORKABILITY
TYPES OF WORKABIITY OF CONCRETE

1. UNWORKABLE CONCRETE
⮚ Also known as “Harsh Concrete”
⮚ Concrete with very little amount of water
⮚ This type of concrete has a high segregation of
aggregates and its very difficult to maintain the
homogeneity of concrete.
VI. WORKABILITY
TYPES OF WORKABIITY OF CONCRETE

2. MEDIUM WORKABLE CONCRETE

⮚ Easy to mix, transport, place and compact without much
segregation and loss of homogeneity.
VI. WORKABILITY
TYPES OF WORKABIITY
OF CONCRETE

3. HIGHLY WORKABLE
CONCRETE
⮚ Easy to mix, transport, place
and compact
⮚ There is a high chances of
segregation and loss of
homogeneity in highly
workable concrete
VI. WORKABILITY
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AND
WORKABILITY RELATIONSHIP

• excessive workability can lessen

compressive strength
• compressive strength of concrete
decreases with increase in w/c ratio
• an increase of w/c ratio indicates
an increase of workability.
• strength of concrete inversely
proportional to the workability
VI. WORKABILITY
METHODS OF IMPROVING WORKABILITY OF
CONCRETE

• Increasing water/cement ratio

• Using larger aggregate
• Using well-rounded and smooth aggregate instead of
irregular shape
• Increasing the mixing time and mixing temperature
• Using non-porous and saturated aggregate
• With addition of air-entraining mixtures
• Adding appropriate admixtures
VII. CURING
VII. CURING

CURING
Curing allows concrete to achieve optimal
strength and hardness. It is the hydration process
that occurs after the concrete has been placed. In
chemical terms, curing allow calcium-silicate
hydrate to form. Properly curing concrete leads to
increased strength and lower permeability and
avoids cracking where the surface dries out
prematurely.
VII. CURING

DAYS STRENGTH
1 16%

3 40%

7 65%

14 90%

28 Almost
99%
VII. CURING

ACI 308 – Guide to Curing Concrete

1. Initial Curing – Bleeding of Concrete:
When the concrete is placed and compacted,
bleeding of water occurs and rises through the
surface of concrete due to settlement of concrete.

2. Intermediate curing:
Intermediate curing is done when the concrete
surface finishing operations has been carried out
before the final setting of concrete.
VII. CURING

ACI 308 – Guide to Curing Concrete

3. Final Curing:
 
When the concrete is finished after the final setting
of concrete, the final curing of concrete should be
done. This helps to prevent surface drying of
concrete because the loss of moisture from the
concrete surface occurs immediately.
VIII. PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
VIII. PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
1. Strength
2. Elasticity
3. Cracking
VIII. PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
1. Strength
High compressive strength but low tensile strength
VIII. PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
2. Elasticity
The elasticity of concrete is
relatively constant at low
stress levels but starts’
decreasing at higher stress
levels as matrix cracking
develops
VIII. PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
3. Cracking
All concretes cracks at some extent
IX. CONCRETE TESTING
(for wet concrete)
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
SLUMP TEST
It is a means of
assessing the
consistency of fresh
concrete. It is used,
indirectly, as a means
of checking that the
correct amount of
water has been added
to the mix.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
SLUMP TEST
Summary:
A sample of freshly mixed concrete is placed and
compacted by rodding in a mold shaped as the
frustum of a cone. The mold is raised, and the
concrete allowed to subside. The vertical distance
between the original and displaced position of the
center of the top surface of the concrete is
measured and reported as the slump of the
concrete.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
SLUMP TEST
Significance:
 originally developed to provide a
technique to monitor the
consistency of unhardened
concrete.
 the slump is generally found to
increase proportionally with the
water content of a given concrete
mixture, and thus to be inversely
related to concrete strength.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
1. Mold
• shall be formed in a mold made
of metal or plastic not readily
attacked by the cement paste.
• shall be sufficiently rigid to
maintain the specified
dimensions and tolerances
during use, resistant to impact
forces, and shall be non-
absorbent.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
1. Mold
• Metal molds shall have an average thickness of
not less than 0.060 in. [1.5 mm] with no
individual thickness measurement less than
0.045 in. [1.15 mm].
• Plastic molds shall be ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene) plastic or equivalent with a minimum
average wall thickness of 0.125 in. [3 mm], with
no individual thickness measurement less than
0.100 in. [2.5 mm].
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
2. Tamping Rod
• Around, smooth, straight steel
rod,
• with a 5⁄8 in. [16 mm] 6 1⁄16 in.
[2 mm] diameter.
• shall have the tamping end or
both ends rounded to a
hemispherical tip of the same
diameter as the rod.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
3. Measuring Device
• A ruler, metal roll-up
measuring tape, or similar
rigid or semi-rigid length
measuring instrument
marked in increments of
1⁄4 in. [5 mm] or smaller.
• The instrument length shall
be at least 12 in. [300
mm].
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
4. Scoop
• a size large enough so
each amount of
concrete obtained from
the sampling receptacle
is representative and
small enough so it is not
spilled during placement
in the mold.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Procedure of Slump test according to ASTM
C143:
1. Set up test area in a place that is free of debris
and traffic and make sure your slump plate is on
the most level surface possible.
2. Put a light coat of oil in the internal surface of the
cone to keep concrete from sticking to it.
3. Fill the cone with freshly mixed concrete in 3
layers (1/3, 2/3, and 3/3).
4. Rod each layer 25 times and make sure to cover
all the surface area inside the cone
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Procedure of Slump test according to ASTM
C143:
5. Strike off the excess concrete and make sure the
cone is full.
6. After filling the cone, lift the cone slowly straight
upwards.
7. After removing the cone, measure the subsided
concrete.
8. The slump of the concrete = height of the cone –
height of the subsided concrete.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
FLOW TEST
It is a method to determine
consistency of fresh concrete. It
is used primarily for assessing
concrete that is too fluid
(workable) to be measured
using the slump test, because
this concrete will not retain its
shape when the cone is
removed.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
FLOW TEST
Significance:
• to determine the flow of hydraulic cement
mortars, and of mortars containing cementitious
materials other than hydraulic cements.
• While flow is not usually included in hydraulic
cement specifications, it is commonly used in
standard tests that require the mortar to have a
water content that provides a specified flow level.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
1. Flow Table, Flow
Mold
• Conforming to the
requirements of
Specification C 230
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
2. Caliper
• Conforming to the requirements of
Specification C 230. Alternatively,
any outside-measuring caliper
constructed of corrosion-resistant
material may be used, provided
that it is incremented in
millimetres and its maximum
extent of measuring is at least 260
mm (101⁄4 in.).
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
3. Tamper
• conforming to the
requirements of
Test Method C
109.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
4. Trowel
• having a steel blade 100
to 150 mm (4 to 6 in.) in
length, with straight
edges. The edges when
placed on a plane
surface shall not depart
from straightness by
more than 1 mm (0.04
in.)
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Apparatus:
5. Straightedge
• made of steel, shall be at
least 200 mm (8 in.) long and
not less than 1.5 mm (0.06
in.) nor more than 3.5 mm
(0.14 in.) in thickness. Its
edge shall not depart from a
plane surface by more than 1
mm (0.04-in.)
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Procedure of Flow test according to ASTM
C1437:
1. Carefully wipe the flow table clean and dry, and
place the flow mold at the center.
2. Place a layer of mortar about 25 mm (1 in.) in
thickness in the mold and tamp 20 times with the
tamper. The tamping pressure shall be just
sufficient to ensure uniform filling of the mold.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Procedure of Flow test according to ASTM
C1437:
3. Then fill the mold with mortar and tamp as
specified for the first layer. Cut off the mortar to a
plane surface flush with the top of the mold by
drawing the straightedge or the edge of the trowel
with a sawing motion across the top of the mold.
4. Wipe the table top clean and dry, being
especially careful to remove any water from around
the edge of the flow mold.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Procedure of Flow test according to ASTM
C1437:
5. Lift the mold away from the mortar 1 min after
completing the mixing operation.
6. Immediately drop the table 25 times in 15 s,
unless otherwise specified.
IX. CONCRETE TESTING (for wet
concrete)
Procedure of Flow test according to ASTM
C1437:
7. If using the caliper specified in Specification C
230, measure the diameter of the mortar along the
four lines scribed in the table top, recording each
diameter as the number of caliper divisions,
estimated to one tenth of a division. If some other
caliper is being used, measure the diameter of the
mortar along the four lines scribed in the table top,
recording each diameter to the nearest millimetre.
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
PENETRATION TEST
It is another method used
for checking the consistency
of the concrete
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Kelly Ball Test
• a simple field test which is very
useful in determining workability
of concrete in real-time.
• Kelly ball test performed faster
and provided accurate results with
great precision than the slump
test.
• it requires a large amount of
concrete when compared with
the slump test of concrete
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Kelly Ball Test
• standardized as ASTM C360-92: “Standard Test
Method for Ball Penetration in Freshly Mixed
Hydraulic Cement Concrete.”
• The ASTM standard was suspended in 1999 due
to lack of use.
• The test has never been used widely outside
the United States (Bartos 1992).
• Indian Standards have not covered this test.
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Apparatus
Kelly Ball Test Apparatus
• consists of a cylinder with one end having a
hemispherical shape of 15cm weighing 13.6kg,
and the other end is attached to a graduated
scale and handle. The whole arrangement is
secured on a fixed stand.
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Procedure
1. Freshly mixed concrete (test sample) is poured
into a container up to a depth of 20cm. Once
the container is filled with the concrete, the top
surface is leveled and struck off.
2. The Kelly ball setup is kept on concrete as
shown below by holding the handle of
hemisphere such that the frame touches the
surface of the concrete.
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Procedure
3. Ensure that the setup is kept at minimum 23cm
away from the container ends. (Place at the
middle portion of the container)
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Procedure
4. Now release the handle and allow the ball to
penetrate through the concrete. Once the ball is
released, the depth of penetration is immediately
shown in the graduate scale to the nearest 6mm.
5. Note down the depth of penetration from the
attached graduated scale.
6. Repeat the same experiment for three times at
different portions in the container and average
the value.
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
7. The results of the Kelly ball test is correlated
with the Slump test

Average Value of the reading = Slump value

XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
COMPACTING FACTOR TEST
• It is done to determine the
workability of fresh
concrete.
• used for concrete mixes of
very low workability.
• defined as the ratio of the
weight of partially
compacted concrete to the
weight of fully compacted
concrete.
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Apparatus
Compaction Factor Test
Apparatus
• IS1199:1999
• consists of two conical hoppers
and a bottom cylinder which is
arranged as shown in below fig,
steel rod of 1.6cm Diameter with
a length of 61cm is used to tamp
the concrete and a weight
balance is used to weight the
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Procedure
1. Take M20 grade concrete.
2. Prepare the mix with 1:1.5:3 by adding a required
amount water as per Water cement ratio. Now mix
the fresh concrete.
3. See that the Inner surfaces of conical hoppers
should be free from moisture and apply grease to
it. Close the trap door of the upper hopper.
4. Then measure the weight of the empty bottom
cylinder and note it as W1
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Apparatus
5. Fill the fresh concrete
into the upper conical
hopper using trowel
without compacting it
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Apparatus
6. Nextly, trap door of an upper hopper is opened.
Thus the concrete falls on the lower hopper.
7. Wait for 2-3 secs and check whether the entire
concrete is fallen from the upper hopper to bottom
hopper. If not, slight tamping is done until the whole
concrete falls to the bottom hopper.
8. Now open the bottom hopper trap door, and entire
concrete is fallen to the cylinder. Cut off the excess
concrete on the top surface of a cylinder using the
trowel.
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
Apparatus
9. Weight the cylinder with partially filled concrete
and note it as W2.
10. Then the cylinder is emptied, and the concrete
sample is filled again by filling it in 3 layers each
layer is compacted by giving 25 blows using the
tamping rod. Now, the concrete inside the cylinder is
fully compacted.
11. Measure the weight of cylinder with fully
compacted concrete and note it as W3.
XI. CONCRETE TESTING (for
wet concrete)
8.
X. CONCRETE TESTING
(for dry concrete)
X. CONCRETE TESTING (for
dry concrete)
COMPRESSIVE TEST
• It is defined as the
measured maximum
resistance of a concrete to
an axial load
• ASTM C 39
• Diameter – 150 mm
• Height – 300 mm
X. CONCRETE TESTING (for
dry concrete)
TENSILE STRENGTH
• Uniaxial Tensile Test
• Split Cylinder Test (ASTM C496)
• Flexural Test
X. CONCRETE TESTING (for
dry concrete)

FLEXURAL TEST
• It is done to measure
flexural strength and
flexural modulus.
• ASTM C78 and ASTM C293
• 150 mm x 150 mm
X. CONCRETE TESTING (for
dry concrete)
NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST
It is a method of testing existing concrete
structures to assess the strength and durability
of concrete structure
X.I. CONCRETE TESTING (for dry
concrete)
DIFFERENT METHODS OF NON-
DESTRCUTIVE TESTING
1. Surface Hardness Test
• William Testing Pistol and Impact
Hammers
2. Rebound Hammer Test
3. Penetration And Pullout Techniques
• Simbi Hammer, Spit Pins, Windsor Probe
and Pullout Test
4. Dynamic Or Vibration Tests
X.I. CONCRETE TESTING (for dry
concrete)
5. Combined Methods
6. Radioactive And Nuclear Methods
7. Magnetic And Electrical Methods
8. Acoustic Emission Techniques
REFERENCES
• ASTM C1157 (Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic
Cement)
• ASTM C150 (Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
• Gromicko,N. & Shepard,K. The History of Concrete.
https://www.nachi.org/history-of-concrete.htm
• Cement History.
https://www.understanding-cement.com/history.html
• Howell, R. Difference Between Hydraulic Cement & Non-Hydraulic
Cement.
https://www.hunker.com/13401387/difference-between-hydraulic-c
ement-non-hydraulic-cement
• ASTM C143 (Test Method for Hydraulic Cement Concrete
• ASTM C1437 – 07 (Standard Test for Flow of Hydraulic Cement
Mortar)
• Krishna. (2018, July 9). Kelly Ball Test. civilread.com/kellyballtest/
REFERENCES
• James Kelly. (2017). Testing of Concrete Admixtures.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/11558392/
• Hamakareem. (2019). Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete specimen.
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/splitting-tensile-strength-test-cy
lindrical-concrete-specimen/2116/
• Gopal Mishra. (2019). Types of concrete and their application.
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-concrete-applications/19
779/