C Programming

Department of Electrical Engineering,

www.ee.ntou.edu.tw
National Taiwan Ocean University

3/14/2013

Richard Kuo
Assistant Professor
Outline
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► C Programming
3. C_programming.ppt
– Computer Architecture
– Introduction and Basic C Features
– Data Type and Operators
– Functions and Macro

► Exercise : GPIO to control on-board LEDs (Smpl_GPIO_LED)

► Exercise : GPIO using macro (Smpl_GPIO_LED1_macro)
► Exercise : GPIO to control RGB LED (Smpl_GPIO_RGBled)
► Exercise : GPIO to control Buzzer on/off (Smpl_GPIO_Buzzer)
► Exercise : GPIO to control 7-segment display (Smpl_7seg)
Computer Architecture
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► Von Neumann Architecture

C Compilation Stage
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source code (c )

IDE

Compiler
object code (obj)
Libraries(lib)

Linker

executable code (bin)

C Compilation Model
GCC Compilation Stage
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C Compilation Stage
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Integrated Development Environment (IDE) : Editor + Compiler + Linker +

Debugger + Downloader
►Preprocessor : removing comments & interpreting special preprocessor
directives denoted by #.
#include -- includes contents of a named file. Files usually called header files. e.g
– #include <math.h> -- standard library maths file.
– #include <stdio.h> -- standard library I/O file
#define -- defines a symbolic name or constant. Macro substitution.
– #define MAX_ARRAY_SIZE 100
►C compiler : translate source code to assembly code
►Assembler : generate object code
►Linker : combine library files and link functions from other source files
Example of C codes
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#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
main() /* print a few numbers, to illustrate a simple
{ loop */
printf("Hello, world!\n"); main()
return 0; {
} int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1) printf("i is
%d\n", i);
return 0;
}

The C Programming Language, by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, 1995

2nd Edition published in 1988 by Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-110362-8
C/C++ Keywords ( _ are Microsoft-specific )
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Keil show C/C++ Keywords in blue
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Basic Data Types & Operators
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► Types ► Operators
– char, int, long int, float, long float + : addition
► Constant - : subtraction
* : multiplication
► Declarations (for variables)
/ : division
char c; % : modulus (remainder)
int i;
float f; ~ : not
& : and
int i1, i2;
| : or
int j1=10, j2= 20; ^ : exclusive or
>> shift to right
<< shift to left
ANSI C/C++ Standard Data Types and Sizes
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Operators
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► Bitwise operators &, (and), | (or), ^ (xor), ~ (one’s complement)
► Shift operators << (left shift), >> (right shift)
► Increment/Decrement ++, --
► Arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, % (modulus)
► Assignment operators =
► Compound assignment +=, -=, *=, /=
► Relational operators ==, !=, >, <, <=
► Logical operators && (and), || (or), ! (not)
typedef in stdint.h
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/* exact-width signed integer types */

typedef signed char int8_t;
typedef signed short int int16_t;
typedef signed int int32_t;
typedef signed __int64 int64_t;

/* exact-width unsigned integer types */

typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
typedef unsigned short int uint16_t;
typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
Struct in stdint.h
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typedef struct union { union {
{
union {
__IO uint32_t u32OFFD; __IO uint32_t u32DBEN;
__IO uint32_t u32PMD; __IO uint32_t OFFD; __IO uint32_t DBEN;
struct { }; };
__IO uint32_t PMD0:2;
__IO uint32_t PMD1:2;
__IO uint32_t PMD2:2; union { union {
__IO uint32_t PMD3:2; __IO uint32_t u32DOUT; __IO uint32_t u32IMD;
__IO uint32_t PMD4:2;
__IO uint32_t DOUT; __IO uint32_t IMD;
__IO uint32_t PMD5:2;
__IO uint32_t PMD6:2; }; };
__IO uint32_t PMD7:2;
__IO uint32_t PMD8:2;
union { union {
__IO uint32_t PMD9:2;
__IO uint32_t PMD10:2; __IO uint32_t u32DMASK; __IO uint32_t u32IEN;
__IO uint32_t PMD11:2; __IO uint32_t DMASK; __IO uint32_t IEN;
__IO uint32_t PMD12:2;
}; };
__IO uint32_t PMD13:2;
__IO uint32_t PMD14:2;
__IO uint32_t PMD15:2; union { union {
} PMD; __IO uint32_t u32PIN; __IO uint32_t u32ISRC;
};
__IO uint32_t PIN; __IO uint32_t ISRC;
}; };
} GPIO_T;
Operator Precedence Levels
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From Highest To Lowest

Standard C and C++ Libraries
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <memory.h>
Program Control : if, if-else
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► If ► If -Else
if ( input >4095) if ( input >4095)
input = 0; input = 0;
else
if (keypad_number!=0) { input = input – 2048;
GPA0=1;
GPA1=1; if (keypad_number!=0) {
GPA2=1; GPA0=1;
} GPA1=1;
} else {
GPA0=0;
GPA1=0;
}
Program Control : switch-case
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switch (number) { switch (number) {

case 1 : GPA1=1; break; case ‘1’ : GPA1=1; break;
case 2 : GPA2=1; break; case ‘2’ : GPA2=2; break;
case 3 : GPA3=1; break; case ‘3’ : GPA3=3; break;
case 4 : GPA4=1; break; case ‘4’ : GPA4=1; break;
case 5 : GPA5=1; break; case ‘5’ : GPA5=1; break;
case 6 : GPA6=1; break; case ‘6’ : GPA6=1; break;
case 7 : GPA7=1; break; case ‘7’ : GPA7=1; break;
case 8 : GPA8=1; break; case ‘8’ : GPA8=1; break;
case 9 : GPA9=1; break; case ‘9’ : GPA9=1; break;
default: GPA0=1; default: GPA0=1;
} }
Loop Controls
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 for  while
for (i=0; i<max; i++) { while(1) {
DrvGPIO_SetBit (E_GPA, i); no = Scankey();
printf(“%d\n”, i); if (no==0) break;
} else printf (“%d\n”, no);
}

 do-while
do {
no = Scankey();
if (no==0) break;
else printf (“%d\n”, no);
} while (flag);
Function
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int32_t DrvGPIO_GetBit(E_DRVGPIO_PORT port, int32_t i32Bit)
{
volatile uint32_t u32Reg;

if ((i32Bit < 0) || (i32Bit > 16))

{
return E_DRVGPIO_ARGUMENT;
}

u32Reg = (uint32_t)&GPIOA->PIN + (port*PORT_OFFSET);

return ((inpw(u32Reg)>>i32Bit) & 0x1);

}
Function – pointer input
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void print_lcd(unsigned char line, char *str)
{
int i=0;
do{
Show_Word(line,i,*str++);
i++;
if(i>15)
break;
}
while(*str!='\0');
}
Smpl_GPIO_LED1
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// int main (void)
// Smpl_GPIO_LED : GPC12 to control on-board LEDs {
// output low to enable red LEDs
// UNLOCKREG(); // unlock register
#include <stdio.h> DrvSYS_Open(48000000); // running at 48MHz
#include "NUC1xx.h" LOCKREG(); // lock register
#include "Driver\DrvGPIO.h"
#include "Driver\DrvUART.h" // Initialize LEDs
#include "Driver\DrvSYS.h" DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPC, 12, E_IO_OUTPUT);
DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPC, 12); // output Hi to turn off LED
// Initial GPIO pins (GPC 12,13,14,15) to Output mode
void Init_LED() while (1) {
{ // GPC12 pin set to output mode DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC, 12); // output Low to turn on LED
DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPC, 12, E_IO_OUTPUT); DrvSYS_Delay(1000000); // delay
// GPC12 pin output Hi to turn off LED DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPC, 12); // output Hi to turn off LED
DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPC, 12);} DrvSYS_Delay(1000000); // delay
}
}
Function – DrvGPIO_Open
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int32_t DrvGPIO_Open(E_DRVGPIO_PORT port, int32_t i32Bit, E_DRVGPIO_IO mode)
{ volatile uint32_t u32Reg;
if ((i32Bit < 0) || (i32Bit > 16))
{ return E_DRVGPIO_ARGUMENT; }
u32Reg = (uint32_t)&GPIOA->PMD + (port*PORT_OFFSET);
if ((mode == E_IO_INPUT) || (mode == E_IO_OUTPUT) || (mode == E_IO_OPENDRAIN))
{ outpw(u32Reg, inpw(u32Reg) & ~(0x3<<(i32Bit*2)));
if (mode == E_IO_OUTPUT)
{ outpw(u32Reg, inpw(u32Reg) | (0x1<<(i32Bit*2))); }
else if (mode == E_IO_OPENDRAIN)
{ outpw(u32Reg, inpw(u32Reg) | (0x2<<(i32Bit*2))); }
}else if (mode == E_IO_QUASI)
{ outpw(u32Reg, inpw(u32Reg) | (0x3<<(i32Bit*2)));
}else
{ return E_DRVGPIO_ARGUMENT; }
return E_SUCCESS;
}
DrvGPIO macro using #define
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#define DrvGPIO_Open_GPC12_OUTPUT DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPC, 12, E_IO_OUTPUT)
#define DrvGPIO_Set_GPC12 DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPC, 12)
#define DrvGPIO_Clr_GPC12 DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC, 12)
#define DrvSYS_Delay_1Mcyc DrvSYS_Delay(1000000)

void Init_LED()
{
DrvGPIO_Open_GPC12_OUTPUT; // GPC12 pin set to output mode
DrvGPIO_Set_GPC12; // GPC12 pin output Hi to turn off LED
}
Smpl_GPIO_LED1_macro
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// directly programming GPIO register bits

#define PORT_OFFSET 0x40

#define u32Reg (uint32_t)&GPIOA->PMD
#define u32RegD (uint32_t)&GPIOA->DOUT
#define DrvGPIO_Open_GPC12_OUTPUT outpw(u32Reg+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET),
inpw(u32Reg + (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET))| (0x1<<(12*2)))
#define DrvGPIO_Set_GPC12 outpw(u32RegD+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET),
inpw(u32RegD+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET))| (0x1 << 12 ))
#define DrvGPIO_Clr_GPC12 outpw(u32RegD+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET),
inpw(u32RegD+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET))& ~(0x1<< 12 ))
Smpl_GPIO_RGBled
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RGB LED drived

by GPA12,13,14
Smpl_GPIO_RGBled
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int main (void)
{
UNLOCKREG(); // unlock register for programming
DrvSYS_Open(48000000); // set System Clock to run at 48MHz
LOCKREG(); // lock register from programming
while (1)
{
// Initial GPIO GPA12,13,14 to output mode
DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPA, 12, E_IO_OUTPUT); // initial GPIO pin GPA 12 to output mode
DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPA, 13, E_IO_OUTPUT); // initial GPIO pin GPA 13 to output mode
DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPA, 14, E_IO_OUTPUT); // initial GPIO pin GPA 14 to output mode
// set RGBled to Blue
DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPA,12); // GPA12 = Blue, 0 : on, 1 : off
DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,13);
DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,14);
// set RGBled to off
DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,12); // GPA12 = Blue, 0 : on, 1 : off
DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,13); // GPA13 = Green, 0 : on, 1 : off
DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,14); // GPA14 = Red, 0 : on, 1 : off
Delay(1000000);
}
}
 Buzzer schematic
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Note: R1 may need to be shorted if buzzer doesn’t have enough current to buzz
Smpl_GPIO_Buzzer
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int main (void)
{
UNLOCKREG(); // unlock register for programming
DrvSYS_Open(48000000); // set System Clock to run at 48MHz
LOCKREG(); // lock register from programming

DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPB, 11, E_IO_OUTPUT); // initial GPIO pin GPB11

DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPB,11); // GPB11 = 0 to turn on Buzzer

Delay(1000000); // Delay to keep Buzz
DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPB,11); // GPB11 = 1 to turn off Buzzer

}
7-segment display
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Control Pins used for 7-segment Display
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GPC4~7 control which 7-segment to turn on (1 = on, 0 = off)
► GPC4 : First 7-segment (LSB)
► GPC5 : Second 7-segment
► GPC6 : Third 7-segment
► GPC7 : Forth 7-segment (MSB)
GPE0~7 control each segment to turn on (0 = on, 1 = off)
► GPE0 : c
► GPE1 : dot
► GPE2 : f
► GPE3 : a
► GPE4 : b
► GPE5 : d
► GPE6 : e
► GPE7 : g
7-Segment LED Driver
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NUC100SeriesBSP/NuvotonPlatform_Keil/Src/NUC1xx-LB002/Seven_Segment.c
► #define SEG_N0 0x82 // define segment led on/off for digit 0
► #define SEG_N1 0xEE // define segment led on/off for digit1
…

► SEG_BUF[10] // array of segment led on/off value for digit 0~9

► show_seven_segment (no, number)
– no : select 1st/2nd/3rd/4th 7-segment LED
– number : value of the digit (0~9)

► close_seven_segment (void)
– // turn off all four 7-segment LEDs
– DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC,4);
– DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC,5);
– DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC,6);
– DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC,7);
Smpl_7seg
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Counting
7 segment LEDs
seg_display routine
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// display 4-digit value (0~9999) on 7-segment LEDs
void seg_display(int16_t value)
{
int8_t digit;
digit = value / 1000;
close_seven_segment();
show_seven_segment(3,digit);
delay(5000);

value = value - digit * 1000;

digit = value / 100;
close_seven_segment();
show_seven_segment(2,digit);
delay(5000);

value = value - digit * 100;

digit = value / 10;
close_seven_segment();
show_seven_segment(1,digit);
delay(5000);

value = value - digit * 10;

digit = value;
close_seven_segment();
show_seven_segment(0,digit);
delay(5000);
}
Smpl_7seg
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int32_t main (void)
{
int32_t i =0;

UNLOCKREG();
DrvSYS_Open(48000000);
LOCKREG();

while(i<10000)
{
seg_display(i); // display i on 7-segment display
DrvSYS_Delay(10000); // delay for keeping display
i++; // increment i
}
}
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