Presentation On Memory Organization in Computer Architecture

TOPIC:MEMORY ORGANIZATION IN
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Presented by:-
Sunu Bania
HimanshuRaj Dutta
TABLE OF CONTENTS:-
 MEMORY UNIT
 TYPES OF MEMORY
 MEMORY HIERARCHY
 MEMORY ACCESS METHODS
 REFERENCES
 CONCLUSION
MEMORY UNIT:-
 A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together.
 The memory unit stores the binary information in the form of bits.
Generally, memory/storage is classified into 2 categories:
 Volatile Memory: This loses its data, when power is switched off.
 Non-Volatile Memory: This is a permanent storage and does not lose

any data when power is switched off.
TYPES OF MEMORY:
Primary Memory (Main Memory):
 Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the
computer is currently working.
 It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.
Characteristics of Main Memory:
 These are semiconductor memories.

 It is known as the main memory.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off.
Secondary Memory:
 This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is

slower than the main memory.
 These are used for storing data/information permanently.
Characteristics of Secondary Memory:
 It is a non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
 It is used for storage of data in a computer.

MEMORY HIERARCHY:
 The memory hierarchy design in a computer system mainly includes
different storage devices.
 The following memory hierarchy diagram is a hierarchical pyramid for
computer memory
Characteristics of Memory Hierarchy:
1.Performance:
The enhancement of this was designed in the memory hierarchy model due to the
system’s performance increase.
2.Ability:
The ability of the memory hierarchy is the total amount of data the memory can
store.
3. Access Time:
The access time in the memory hierarchy is the interval of the time among the data
availability as well as request to read or write.
4. Cost per bit:

When we shift from bottom to top inside the memory hierarchy, then the cost for
each bit will increase which means an internal Memory is expensive compared with
external memory.
Memory Hierarchy Design:
1. Registers: Usually, the register is a static RAM or SRAM in the processor of the
computer which is used for holding the data word which is typically 64 or 128
bits.
2. Cache Memory:
 Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU.
 It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory.
 It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the
CPU.
Advantages:
 Cache memory is faster than main memory.

 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
 It stores data for temporary use.
Disadvantages:
 Cache memory has limited capacity.
 It is very expensive.
3. Main Memory:
 The memory unit that communicates directly within the CPU, Auxiliary memory
and Cache memory, is called main memory .
 It is made up of RAM and ROM.
1.RAM: Random Access Memory:
 Random Access Memory, is a volatile and is more like a temporary storage for
information.
DRAM: Dynamic RAM, is made of capacitors and transistors, and must be refreshed every
10~100 ms . It is slower and cheaper than SRAM.
SRAM: Static RAM, has a six transistor circuit in each cell and retains data, until powered off.
2.ROM: Read Only Memory, is non-volatile and is more like a permanent storage for
information.
 PROM(Programmable ROM), EPROM(Erasable PROM)
 EEPROM(Electrically Erasable PROM) are some commonly used ROMs.
Auxiliary Memory:
Devices that provide backup storage are called auxiliary memory.
It is not directly accessible to the CPU, and is accessed using the Input / Output channels.
Magnetic Disks:
 A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses a magnetization process to write,

rewrite and access data.
 It is covered with a magnetic coating and stores data in the form of tracks, spots and
sectors.
 Hard disks, zip disks and floppy disks are common examples of magnetic disks.

Magnetic Tape:
 This tape is a normal magnetic recording which is designed with a slender magnetizable
covering on an extended, plastic film of the thin strip.
 This is mainly used to back up huge data.
Hit Ratio:
 The performance of cache memory is measured in terms of a quantity

called hit ratio.
 When the CPU refers to memory and finds the word in cache it is said to
produce a hit.
 If the word is not found in cache, it is in main memory then it counts as
a miss.
The ratio of the number of hits to the total CPU references to memory is
called hit ratio.
Hit Ratio = Hit/(Hit + Miss)
Memory Access Methods:
 To access data from any memory, first it must be located and then the data is
read from the memory location.
 Following are the methods to access information from memory locations:
1.Random Access:
 Main memories are random access memories, in which each memory location
has a unique address.
 Using this unique address any memory location can be reached in the same
amount of time in any order.
2.Sequential Access: This methods allows memory access in a sequence or in

order.
3.Direct Access: In this mode, information is stored in tracks, with each track
having a separate read/write head.
REFERENCES:
https://www.studytonight.com/computer-architecture/memory-orga
nization
https://www.elprocus.com/memory-hierarchy-in-computer-architect
ure/
CONCLUSION:
 In memory organization we can access different data and information using

different memory access methods.
 In memory hierarchy we came know about the performance , ability , access

time, & cost per bit of a memory.
 In this memory organization we came to know the advantages and

disadvantages of cache memory.
THANK YOU

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TOPIC:MEMORY ORGANIZATION IN

Generally, memory/storage is classified into 2 categories:

 Non-Volatile Memory: This is a permanent storage and does not lose

Characteristics of Main Memory:

 These are semiconductor memories.

 This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is

 These are used for storing data/information permanently.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory:

 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.

 It is used for storage of data in a computer.

4. Cost per bit:

 It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory.

 Cache memory is faster than main memory.

 Cache memory has limited capacity.

Devices that provide backup storage are called auxiliary memory.

 A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses a magnetization process to write,

 Hard disks, zip disks and floppy disks are common examples of magnetic disks.

 This is mainly used to back up huge data.

 The performance of cache memory is measured in terms of a quantity

2.Sequential Access: This methods allows memory access in a sequence or in

 In memory organization we can access different data and information using

 In memory hierarchy we came know about the performance , ability , access

 In this memory organization we came to know the advantages and

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