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SQL Functions

SQL functions can be categorized as single row functions or multiple row functions. Single row functions operate on a single value and return one result per row, and include string, date/time, and numeric functions. Multiple row functions operate on multiple rows and return a single value, such as SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN. String functions perform operations on character data, date functions allow working with date values, and numeric functions perform calculations and return numeric results.

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53 views

SQL Functions

SQL functions can be categorized as single row functions or multiple row functions. Single row functions operate on a single value and return one result per row, and include string, date/time, and numeric functions. Multiple row functions operate on multiple rows and return a single value, such as SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN. String functions perform operations on character data, date functions allow working with date values, and numeric functions perform calculations and return numeric results.

Uploaded by

smitha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL FUNCTIONS

smitha
Objective of this chapter
Distinguish between two types of functions.
 State the syntax and working of most of the Numeric, String and
date/Time functions
FUNCTION
A function is a special type of predefined command set that performs
some operation and returns a single value.
Functions operate on zero,one,two or more values that are provided to
them.
The values that are provided to functions are called parameters or
arguments.
Functions are divided into 2 categories
Single row functions
Multiple row functions
Single row functions
Single row functions operate on a single value to return a single value.
 They can accept one or more arguments but return only one result per
row.
String functions
Date and Time function
Numeric Functions
Multiple row functions
Multiple row functions operate on a set of rows to return a single value.
SUM()
AVG()
COUNT()
MAX()
MIN()
Single row functions-String functions
i)length() function
String functions operate on character type data.
String functions are used to extract, change, format or alter character
strings.
LENGTH(str) Returns the length of a column or a string in bytes.
1) mysql> SELECT LENGTH ('Informatics');
Result: 11
2) mysql> SELECT LENGTH(Name) FROM student;
2)Concat() function
CONCAT(str1, str2,...) Returns the string that results from concatenating
the arguments.
May have one or more arguments.
Ex: 1)mysql> SELECT CONCAT ('My', 'S', 'QL');
Result: 'MySQL‘
2) mysql> SELECT CONCAT('Class', NULL, 'XI');
Result: NULL
3)SELECT CONCAT(First_ Name,'',Last_Name) FROM Employee;
3)Instr() function
INSTR (str,substr)
Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring.
1)mysql> SELECT INSTR ('Informatics', 'for');
Result: 3
2)mysql> SELECT INSTR ('Computers', 'pet');
Result: 0
3) mysql> SELECT INSTR (last_name,'Kiran') FROM Employee;
4)LOWER(str) or LCASE(str)
Returns the argument (str) in lowercase i.e. it changes all the characters
of the passed string to lowercase.
mysql> SELECT LOWER ('INFORMATICS'); Result: 'informatics‘
mysql> SELECT LOWER(Last_Name) FROM Employee;
5)UPPER() or UCASE()
UPPER(str) or UCASE(str) Returns the argument in uppercase. i.e. it
changes all the characters of the passed string to uppercase.
mysql> SELECT UPPER ('Informatics'); Result: 'INFORMATICS‘
mysql> SELECT UPPER(Last_Name) FROM Employee;
6)LEFT()
LEFT(str,n) Returns the specified number of characters (n)from the left
side of string str.
mysql> SELECT LEFT('Informatics', 3); Result: 'Inf‘
mysql>select LEFT(first_name,3)FROM Employee;
7)RIGHT()
RIGHT(str,n) Returns the specified number of characters (n)from the
right side of string str.
a)mysql> SELECT RIGHT('Informatics', 4); Result: 'tics'
b) mysql> select RIGHT(first_name,3) FROM Employee;
8)LTRIM()
LTRIM(str) Removes leading spaces i.e. removes spaces from the left side
of the string str.
a) mysql> SELECT LTRIM (' Informatics'); Result: 'Informatics'
b) mysql> SELECT LTRIM(First_Name) FROM Employee;
9)RTRIM()
RTRIM(str) Removes trailing spaces i.e. removes spaces from the right
side of the string str.
a) mysql> SELECT RTRIM ('Informatics '); Result: 'Informatics'
b) mysql> SELECT RTRIM(First_Name) FROM Employee;
10)TRIM(str)
TRIM(str) Removes both leading and trailing spaces from the string str.
a)mysql> SELECT TRIM(' Informatics '); Result: 'Informatics'
b) mysql> SELECT TRIM(First_Name) FROM Employee;
11)SUBSTRING (str,m,n) Or MID(str,m,n)

SUBSTRING (str,m,n) Or MID(str,m,n)


Returns the specified number of characters from the middle of the string.
There are 3 arguments.
 The first argument is the source string.
The second argument is the position of first character to be displayed.
 The third argument is the number of characters to be displayed.
a) mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Informatics',3); Result: 'formatics‘
 b) mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Informatics' FROM 4); Result:
'ormatics'
c) mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Informatics',3,4); Result: 'form'
d)mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Computers', -3); Result: 'ers‘
e)mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Computers', -5, 3); Result: 'ute‘
f) mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Computers' FROM -4 FOR 2); Result: 'te‘
g)mysql> SELECT MID('Informatics', 3,4); Result: 'form‘
h) mysql> select MID(first_name,3,2) FROM Employee;
14)ASCII()
ASCII(str) Returns the ASCII value of the leftmost character of the string
str. Returns 0 if str is an empty string. Returns NULL if str is NULL.
a)mysql> SELECT ASCII('2'); Result: 50 (ASCII value of character '2')
 b) mysql> SELECT ASCII('A'); Result: 65 (ASCII value of 'A')
Date and Time Functions
Date and Time functions allow us to perform many types of tasks on Date
type data.
The default date format in MySQL is YYYY-MM-DD.
1)CURDATE()
Returns the current date in YYYY-MMDD format or YYYYMMDD format,
depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric context.
 mysql> SELECT CURDATE(); Result: '2010-02-26'
NOW()
Returns the current date and time in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' or
YYYYMMDDHHM MSS.uuuuuu format, depending on whether the
function is used in a string or numeric context.
mysql> SELECT NOW(); Result: '2010-02-26 21:30:26'
3)Sysdate()
Returns the current date and time in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' or
YYYYMMDDHHM MSS.uuuuuu format, depending on whether the
function.
a) mysql> SELECT SYSDATE(); Result: '2010-02-26 21:30:26‘
 b) mysql> SELECT SYSDATE() + 0; Result: 20100226213026.000000
Difference between Now() and Sysdate()
 SYSDATE() returns the time at which the function executes.
SYSDATE() differs from NOW() which returns a constant time that
indicates the time at which the statement began to execute.
4) DATE(expr)
Extracts the date part of a date or datetime expression
a) mysql> SELECT DATE('2010-02-26 01:02:03'); Result: '2010-02-26‘
 b)SELECT DATE('2009-10-16 01:02:03') Result: '2009-10-16‘

5)MONTH(date)
Returns the numeric month from the date passed, in the range 0 to 12.
It returns 0 for dates such as '0000-00-00' or '2010-00-00' that have a zero
month part.
a) mysql> SELECT MONTH('2010-02-26'); Result: 2
b) mysql> select id,date_join,month(date_join) from employee;
6)YEAR(date)
Returns the year for date passed in the range 0 to 9999. Returns values
like 1998, 2010,1996 and so on.
a) mysql> SELECT YEAR('2010-02-26'); Result: 2010
b) mysql> SELECT id,date_join,year (date_join) from employee;
7)DAYNAME(date)
If you want to know which day you were born on. Was it a Monday or a
Friday? Use DAYNAME function.
It returns the name of the weekday for the date passed
 a) mysql> SELECT YEAR('2009-07-21'); Result: 'Tuesday'
b) mysql> Select id,date_join,dayname (date_join) from employee;
DAYOFYEAR (date)
Return the day of the year for the given date in numeric format in the
range 1 to 366.
a) mysql> SELECT DAYOFYEAR('2009-07-21'); Result: 202
b) mysql> SELECT DAYOFYEAR('2009-01-01'); Result: 1
c) mysql> select id,date_join,dayofyear (date_join) from employee;
Numeric Functions:
MySQL numeric functions perform operations on numeric values and
return numeric values.
POWER(X,Y) Returns the value POW(X,Y).
a)mysql> SELECT POW(2,4);
or
X raised to the the power of Y. Result: 16

b)mysql> SELECT POW(2,-2); Result: 0.25


c)mysql> SELECT POW(-2,3); Result:-8
d)mysql> SELECT id,salary, POWER(salary,2) FROM employee
ROUND(X,D) ROUND(X)

a) Rounds the argument X to D decimal places.


b) If number of decimal places is not specified or is zero, the number
rounds to the nearest integer OR (0 decimal places)
c) If negative value is specified for precision, it counts off that value left
from the decimal point.
d) If positive value is specified for precision, it counts off that value right
from the decimal point
a) mysql> SELECT ROUND(-1.23); Result: -1
b) mysql> SELECT ROUND(-1.58); Result: -2
c) mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.43); Result: 1
d) mysql> SELECT ROUND(6.298, 1); Result: 6.3
 e) mysql> SELECT ROUND(6.235, 0); Result: 6
 f) mysql> SELECT ROUND(56.235, -1); Result: 60
TRUNCATE (X,D)

Returns the number X, truncated to D decimal places. If D is 0, the result


has no decimal point or fractional part.If D is negative, it causes D digits
left of the decimal point of the value X to become zero
Note: TRUNCATE does not round a number. It simply chops off digits
from a number.
a) mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(7.543,1); Result: 7.5
b) mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(4.567,0); Result: 4
c) mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(-7.45,1); Result: -7.4
d) mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(346,-2); Result: 300
e) mysql> SELECT id,TRUNCATE(salary,0) FROM employee;

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