The document discusses PLC (programmable logic controller) programming. It covers ladder logic and functional block programming, criteria for selecting PLCs, signals within PLCs like inputs, states and outputs. It also describes common logic functions used in ladder logic like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. Conventions for drawing and reading ladder logic diagrams are explained along with examples of motor control logic. Addressing of inputs, outputs and internal relays is also covered.
The document discusses PLC (programmable logic controller) programming. It covers ladder logic and functional block programming, criteria for selecting PLCs, signals within PLCs like inputs, states and outputs. It also describes common logic functions used in ladder logic like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. Conventions for drawing and reading ladder logic diagrams are explained along with examples of motor control logic. Addressing of inputs, outputs and internal relays is also covered.
The document discusses PLC (programmable logic controller) programming. It covers ladder logic and functional block programming, criteria for selecting PLCs, signals within PLCs like inputs, states and outputs. It also describes common logic functions used in ladder logic like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. Conventions for drawing and reading ladder logic diagrams are explained along with examples of motor control logic. Addressing of inputs, outputs and internal relays is also covered.
The document discusses PLC (programmable logic controller) programming. It covers ladder logic and functional block programming, criteria for selecting PLCs, signals within PLCs like inputs, states and outputs. It also describes common logic functions used in ladder logic like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. Conventions for drawing and reading ladder logic diagrams are explained along with examples of motor control logic. Addressing of inputs, outputs and internal relays is also covered.
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PLC PROGRAMMING
PLC PROGRAMMING
• Ladder and functional block programming
• Internal relays
2 Criteria for PLCs • Easy to program • Easy to maintain • Highly reliable in an industrial environment • Expandable • Cost competitive • Compact • Communicate • Accept 120 VAC input signals • Operate 120 VAC devices • Over 4k memory 3 Signals in PLCs
• Inputs: describe the status of the process to the
controller (external) • States: discrete modes the controller can be in (internal) – State transitions: functions of the current state and the inputs • Outputs: actions initiated by the controller based on the current state (external)
4 Ladder and functional block programming
5 Ladder and functional block programming • PLC are intended to be used by engineers without any great knowledge of programming as compare to C or other high level language. • Standards for PLC programming was done by IEC 1131-3 ( International Electro technical Commission). • IEC 1131-3 programming language are – Ladder Diagram (LAD). – Instruction List(IL). – Sequential Function Chart (SFC). – Structured Text (ST). – Functional Block Diagram (FBD).
6 Introduction To Ladder Diagram
• switching on or off an electric motor
7 Motor Control Ladder Diagram + RAIL VOLTAGE RAIL NEUTRAL
control circuit voltage
START STOP
Normally Normally Control
Open Switch Closed Switch Relay 8 Motor Control Ladder Diagram START STOP
output EQUIVALENT DIAGRAMS
START STOP
output Normally Normally 9 Open Contact Closed Contact Convention of Ladder Diagram • The vertical lines of the diagram represent the power rails between which circuits are connected. The power flow is taken to be from the left-hand vertical across a rung. • Each rung on the ladder defines one operation in the control process. • A ladder diagram is read from left to right and from top to bottom. • The end rung might be indicated by a block with the word END or RET for return, since the program promptly returns to its beginning.
10 Convention of Ladder Diagram • Each rung must start with an input or inputs and must end with at least one output. • Electrical devices are shown in their normal condition. • A particular device can appear in more than one rung of a ladder. • The inputs and outputs are all identified by their addresses.
11 Standard IEC 1131-3 Basic symbols Of Ladder Diagram
21 Motor on-off, with signal lamps example of latching • X401 is closed when the program is started. • When X400 is momentarily closed, Y430 is energised and its contacts close. • This results in latching and also the switching off of Y431. • Y432 will be switched on. • To switch the motor off, X401 is pressed and opens.
22 Multiple outputs
23 Entering programs
• To enter an INPUT
• To enter an OUTPUT
• The start of a junction
• The end of a junction path
• To indicate horizontal circuit links
24 Function blocks
25 Few more Function blocks
26 Ladder diagram and equivalent functional block diagram
27 Boolean algebra
• A+B.C=Q
• A+B=Q
28 Boolean algebra
29 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE 1
30 PROGRAMMING Bar code reader
EXAMPLE 2 microswitch Stopper
Part Conveyor
Robot Machine
id description state explanation
MSI microswitch 1 part arrive R1 output to bar code reader 1 scan the part C1 input from bar code reader 1 right part R2 output robot 1 loading cycle R3 output robot 1 unloading cycle C2 input from robot 1 robot busy R4 output to stopper 1 stopper up C3 input from machine 1 machine busy C4 input from machine 1 task complete SOLUTIO MS1 Input
01 N Output 11 R1 C1 02 12 R2 C2 R3 03 13 C3 R4 04 14 C4 Programmable 05 Controller 15 PLC Rung 1. If part arrives and no part is stopped, trigger the bar code reader. 01 14 11 Rung 2. If it is a right part, activate the stopper. 14 Rung 3. If the stopper is up, the 02 machine is not busy and the robot is not busy, load the 14 04 03 12 part onto the machine. Rung 4. If the task is completed 05 03 13 and the robot is not busy, unload the machine. Internal relays To distinguish internal relay outputs from external relay outputs, they
are given different types of addresses .
33 Control Relay normally open relay contact contacts relay coil normally closed relay contact core
relay coil
34 Control Relay normally open relay contact contacts relay coil normally closed relay contact core 1) Control relays are the basic component of relay coil ladder diagram logic (control relay logic) 2) Control relays are35 simulated by PLCs Control Relay relay contacts relay relay not coil activated relay core
37 Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay contacts relay control coil circuit relay core
motor power circuit 38 Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay not relay activated contacts relay motor not control coil activated circuit relay control circuit voltage core
START STOP CR1 motor
power circuit relay coil 39 Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay relay activated contacts relay motor coil activated relay core "activated" START STOP CR1 motor power circuit relay coil "pushed" 40 Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay not relay activated contacts relay motor not control coil activated circuit relay core
START STOP CR1 motor
power circuit relay coil "released" 41 Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay not relay activated contacts relay motor not control coil activated circuit relay core
START STOP CR1 motor
power circuit CR1 relay coil 42 Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay relay activated contacts relay motor coil activated relay "pushed" core "activated" START STOP CR1 motor power CR1 circuit relay coil 43 Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay relay activated contacts relay motor coil activated relay "released" core "activated" START STOP CR1 motor power CR1 circuit relay coil 44 “held” Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay not relay activated contacts relay motor not control coil activated circuit relay core “pushed” START STOP CR1 motor power circuit CR1 relay coil 45 Motor Control Ladder Diagram relay not relay activated contacts relay motor not control coil activated circuit relay core “released” START STOP CR1 motor power circuit CR1 relay coil 46 Battery-backed relays (retentive memory coil)
• some internal relays have battery back-up so that they can
be used in circuits to ensure a safe shutdown of plant in the event of a power failure and so enable it to restart in an appropriate manner.
When In1 is closed IR1
o/p is energised. This will closed IR1 I/p This result in o/p OUT1 When power fail IR1 I/p will latch, so there will be a output 47 One-shot operation • Its contacts are activated for just one cycle
• When trigger I/p occur it gives trigger o/p on rung 1.
• In rung 2 it gives cycle control o/p • The trigger o/p can only occur again when the trigger o/p is switched off and then switched on again.
48 positive transition-sensing and negative transition-sensing coils.
• the positive transition-sensing coil, if the power flow to it
changes from off to on, the output is set on for one ladder rung evaluation.
49 Set and reset/Latch unlatch
• The SET coil is switched on when power is supplied to it
and remains set until it is RESET. • The SET coil is switched on when power is supplied to it and remains set until it is RESET. 50 Set and reset/Latch unlatch
• example
51 Set and reset/Latch unlatch
52 Master control relay • With no input to input 1, the output internal relay MC 1 is not energised and so its contacts are open, so rungs 2 and 3 are off. • When input 1 contacts close, the master relay MC 1 is energised. • Then all the rungs between it and the rung with its reset MCR 1 are switched on.
