Architectural-Structures 2

ARCHITECTURAL
STRUCTURES
BACKGROUND
BASIC CONCEPTS
• This chapter on Basic Concepts introduces:

• Structural Design for:
• Strength
• Stiffness
• Stability
• Synergy
• Rupture Length
• Basic Structure Systems
• Horizontal Structures
• Vertical/ Lateral Structures for:
• Gravity Load
• Lateral Load
STRENGTH, STIFFNESS, STABILITY, SYNERGY
• Structures must be designed to satisfy three Ss and should satisfy all

four S of structural design.
1. Strength to prevent breaking
2. Stiffness to prevent excessive deformation
3. Stability to prevent Collapse
4. Synergy to reinforce architectural design, described on two examples:
A. Pragmatic Beam: Beam composed of wooden boards
B. Philosophical Example: Auditorium Design
MOMENT OF INERTIA – STIFFNESS IS DEFINED
BY MOMENT OF INERTIA
• I =
• Comparing beams of wooden boards, b= 12’’wide and d= 1’’ deep,
• What is the moment of inertia of a board?
• What is the moment of inertia of 10 board?
• What is the moment of inertia of 10 boards glued?
STRENGTH IS DEFINED BY THE SECTION
MODULUS
• S =
• Comparing beams of wooden boards, b= 12’’wide and d= 1’’ deep,
• What is the section modulus of a board?
• What is the section modulus of 10 board?
• What is the section modulus of 10 boards glued?
• The same amount of material is 100 times stiffer and 10 times stronger
when glued together to transfer shear and thereby engage top and
bottom fibers in compression and tension.
RUPTURE LENGTH
• Rupture length is the maximum length a bar of constant cross sectional area can be
suspended without rupture under its weight in tension. (compression for concrete
and masonry).
• Defines material efficiency as strength weight ratio:
• R=F/
• Where R is the rupture length, F is the breaking strength, and lamda is the specific gravity
or the self weight.
• Rupture length is of particular importance for long span structures. The depth of
horizontal span members increases with span. Consequently the weight also
increases with span. This is why lightweigtht material such as glass fiber fabrics are
good for long span structures. For some material, a thin line extends the rupture
length to account for material grades.
HORIZONTAL STRUCTURES
• The horizontal system come in two types : one way and two way. Two ways system are
only efficient for spaces with about equal span on both directions ; as described below.
The diagrams here show one way systems at left and two ways system at right
TRUSSES
• Trusses support load much like beams, but for longer spans. As the
depth and thus dead weight of beams increases with span they
become increasingly inefficient, requiring most capacity to support
their own weight rather than imposed live load. Trusses replace bulk by
triangulation to reduce dead weight.
• Unstable square panel deforms under load. Only triangles are intrinsically
stable polygons.
TRUSSES
• Truss of triangular panels with inward sloping diagonal bars that elongate in
tension under load (preferred configuration).
• Upward sloping diagonals compress
• Top chords shorten in compression. Bottom chords elongate in tension

under gravity load.
TRUSSES
• Gable truss with top compression and bottom tension.
• Types of trusses
• Warren trusses
TRUSSES
• Prismatic trusses – prismatic trusses of triangular

cross section provide rotational resistance
• Space Trusses – square and triangular plan

• Note: two way space trusses are most effective if
the spans in the principle directions are about equal,
as described for two – way slabs above. the base m
odules of the trusses should be compatible with plan
configuration.
-
FUNICULAR STRUCTURES
• The funicular concept can be best described and visualized with chains
or cables, suspended from two points that adjust their form for any
load in tension. But funicular structures may also be compressed like
arches.
• May adjust from pure tension under any load
• May also be subject to bending
• Funicular tension triangle under single

load
• Funicular compression triangle under

single load.
• Funicular tension trapezoid under twin

loads
• Funicular compression trapezoid

under twin loads.
• Funicular tension polygon under point

loads.
• Funicular compression polygon under

point loads.
• Funicular tension parabola under

uniform loads
• Funicular compression parabola under

uniform loads
VAULT
• A series of trussed arches in linear extrusion from a vault space. The

trussed arches consist of wood bars with metal connectors for quick
assembly and disassembly as required for the traveling exhibit. Plastic
panels from the enclosing skin, the trussed arches provides depth and
rigidity to accommodate various load conditions.
SUSPENSION ROOF
VERTICAL STRUCTURES
VERTICAL ELEMENTS
• Vertical elements transfer load from roof to foundation, carrying gravity

and/or lateral load. Although elements may resist only gravity or only
lateral load, most are designed to resist both.
• Shear walls designed for both gravity and lateral load may use gravity
dead load to resist overturning which is more important for short walls.
• Four basic elements used to resist gravity and lateral loads.
• Walls
• Cantilever
• Moment frame
• Braced frame
VERTICAL ELEMENTS : FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS USED TO RESIST
GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOADS.
• Walls
• Wall under gravity load
• Wall under lateral load (shear wall)
• Cantilever
• Cantilever under gravity load
• Cantilever under lateral load
VERTICAL ELEMENTS : FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS
USED TO RESIST GRAVITY AND LATERAL
LOADS.
• Moment frame
• Moment frame under gravity load
• Moment frame under lateral load
• Braced Frame
• Braced frame under gravity load
• Braced frame under lateral load
VERTICAL ELEMENTS: VERTICAL SYSTEMS
• Transfer the load of horizontal systems from roof to foundation,

carrying gravity and or lateral load.
• Most resist gravity load in compression and lateral load in shear.
• Four vertical system:
• Shear walls
• Cantilever
• Moment frame
• Braced frame
VERTICAL SYSTEMS: SHEAR WALLS
• Shear wall resist lateral load in shear.

• May be wood, concrete and masonry
• Framing studs, spaced 16 or 24 inches, supports gravity load and
sheathing resist lateral shear.
• In seismic areas, concrete and masonry shear walls must be reinforced
with steel bars to resist lateral shear.
WOOD SHEAR WALL WITH LIGHT GAUGE STEEL SHEAR WALL

PLYWOOD SHEATHING WITH PLYWOOD SHEATHING
CONCRETE SHEAR WALL WITH CMU WALL WITH STEEL

STEAL REINFORCING REINFORCING
UNREINFORCED BRICK MASONRY(NOT TWO WITH BRICK SHEAR WITH

ALLOWED IN SEISMIC AREAS) STEEL REINFORCING
VERTICAL SYSTEM: CANTILEVERS
• Resist lateral load primarily in bending.

• May be consist of single towers or multiple towers
• Bending in cantilever Increases from top down, justifying tapered form
in reponse.
SINGLE TOWER UNDER

SINGLE TOWER CANTILEVER LATERAL LOAD
TWIN TOWER CANTILEVER

TWIN TOWER CANTILEVER UNDER LATERAL LOAD
SUSPENDED TOWERS WITH SUSPENDED TOWERS UNDER

SINGLE CANTILEVER LATERAL LOAD
VERTICAL SYSTEM : MOMENT FRAMES
• Resist gravity and lateral loads in bending and compression.

• Loads applied to columns will rotate their ends and in turn rotate the
beam. This interaction makes moment frames ductile.
• Ductility – is the capacity to deform without breaking.
MOMENT FRAMES : EFFECTS OF MOMENT
JOINTS
PORTAL WITH PIN JOINTS
COLLAPSES UNDER LATERAL PORTAL WITH MOMENT JOINTS
LOAD AT BASE UNDER LATERAL LOAD
JOINTS
PORTAL WITH MOMENT BEAM/COLUMNS PORTAL WITH MOMENT BEAM/COLUMNS

UNDER GRAVITY LOAD UNDER LATERAL LOAD
JOINTS
PORTAL WITH ALL MOMENT PORTAL WITH ALL MOMENT
JOINTS UNDER GRAVITY LOAD JOINTS UNDER LATERAL LOAD
JOINTS
HIGH – RISE MOMENT FRAME MOMENT FRAMED BUILDING
UNDER GRAVITY LOAD UNDER GRAVITY LOAD
VERTICAL SYSTEM: BRACED FRAME
• Resist gravity load in bending and in axial compression, and lateral load
in axial compression and tension by triangulation, much like trusses.
• Triangulation results in greater stiffness, and advantage to resist wind load,
but increase seismic forces, a disadvantage to resist earthquakes.
BRACED FRAME : AMPLIFIED DEFORMATION
SINGLE DIAGONAL PORTAL UNDER A – BRACED PORTAL UNDER

GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOADS GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOAD
V- BRACED PORTAL UNDER X - BRACED PORTAL UNDER

GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOAD GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOAD
BRACED FRAME BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT LATERAL LOAD

Architectural-Structures 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Architectural-Structures 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Architectural-Structures 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ARCHITECTURAL

• This chapter on Basic Concepts introduces:

• Structures must be designed to satisfy three Ss and should satisfy all

• Upward sloping diagonals compress

• Top chords shorten in compression. Bottom chords elongate in tension

• Gable truss with top compression and bottom tension.

• Prismatic trusses – prismatic trusses of triangular

• Space Trusses – square and triangular plan

• Funicular tension triangle under single

• Funicular compression triangle under

• Funicular tension trapezoid under twin

• Funicular compression trapezoid

• Funicular tension polygon under point

• Funicular compression polygon under

• Funicular tension parabola under

• Funicular compression parabola under

• A series of trussed arches in linear extrusion from a vault space. The

• Vertical elements transfer load from roof to foundation, carrying gravity

• Transfer the load of horizontal systems from roof to foundation,

• Shear wall resist lateral load in shear.

WOOD SHEAR WALL WITH LIGHT GAUGE STEEL SHEAR WALL

CONCRETE SHEAR WALL WITH CMU WALL WITH STEEL

UNREINFORCED BRICK MASONRY(NOT TWO WITH BRICK SHEAR WITH

• Resist lateral load primarily in bending.

SINGLE TOWER UNDER

TWIN TOWER CANTILEVER

SUSPENDED TOWERS WITH SUSPENDED TOWERS UNDER

• Resist gravity and lateral loads in bending and compression.

PORTAL WITH MOMENT BEAM/COLUMNS PORTAL WITH MOMENT BEAM/COLUMNS

SINGLE DIAGONAL PORTAL UNDER A – BRACED PORTAL UNDER

V- BRACED PORTAL UNDER X - BRACED PORTAL UNDER

BRACED FRAME BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT LATERAL LOAD

You might also like