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Heat Transfer

This document discusses heat transfer and the three main types: conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines heat as the transfer of energy across a system boundary due to a temperature difference. Heat transfer occurs through conduction between particles, convection in moving fluids, and radiation via electromagnetic waves. Examples are provided to illustrate calculations of heat transfer by conduction and convection using common equations.

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Benmark Jabay
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355 views23 pages

Heat Transfer

This document discusses heat transfer and the three main types: conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines heat as the transfer of energy across a system boundary due to a temperature difference. Heat transfer occurs through conduction between particles, convection in moving fluids, and radiation via electromagnetic waves. Examples are provided to illustrate calculations of heat transfer by conduction and convection using common equations.

Uploaded by

Benmark Jabay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Transfer

Learning Objectives
At the end of the topic , the students should be able to:
1. Understand heat as a form of energy transfer;
2. Identify the three types of heat transfer.
What is Heat?
• Heat (Q) is defined as the transfer of energy across the
boundary of a system due to a temperature difference
between the system and its surroundings.
• When you heat a substance, you are transferring energy into it
by placing it in contact with surroundings that have a higher
temperature. Such is the case, for example, when you place a
pan of cold water on a stove burner. The burner is at a higher
temperature than the water, and so the water gains energy by
heat.
Unit of Heat
• Calorie
  (cal) – Defined as the amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of 1 g of water by 1
• British Thermal Unit (Btu) – Defined as the quantity of heat
needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1.
Three Types of Heat Transfer
1. Heat transfer by Conduction
2. Heat transfer by Convection
3. Heat transfer by Radiation
Heat Transfer by Conduction
• In conduction, the transfer can be represented on an atomic
scale as an exchange of kinetic energy between microscopic
particles—molecules, atoms, and free electrons—in which
less-energetic particles gain energy in collisions with more-
energetic particles.
• For example, if you hold one end of a long metal bar and
insert the other end into a flame, you will find that the
temperature of the metal in your hand soon increases.
•  The rate of energy transfer by conduction is
or
Where: P = rate of heat flow/energy transfer or power in watts
(J/s)
k = thermal conductivity of the material
∆T = change in temperature
L/∆x = length or thickness
A = cross-sectional area
• For
  a compound slab containing several materials of
thicknesses , , . . . and thermal conductivities , , . . . , the rate of
energy transfer through the slab at steady state is
Example 1
•A  house is built of bricks, with walls 20 cm thick. The wall in one
of the rooms of this house measures 5.0 m 3.0 m. What is the
heat flow through this wall if the inside temperature is 21 and
the outside temperature -18?
•Solution:
 
The temperature change across the wall is ∆T 39, the thickness
of the wall is ∆x 20 cm 0.20 m, and the area of the wall is 5.0 m
3.0 m 15 . Hence, with k 0.63 J/(smC) from Table 20.3, gives
Example 2
To reduce the heat loss, the owner of the brick house described
in Example 1 covers the brick wall with a 12-cm layer of
fiberglass insulation. What is the heat loss now?
•  
Solution:
Heat Transfer by Convection
• In
  convection, the heat is stored in a moving fluid and is
carried from one place to another by the motion of this fluid.
• If it were not for convection currents, it would be very difficult
to boil water. As water is heated in a teakettle, the lower layers
are warmed first. This water expands and rises to the top
because its density is lowered. At the same time, the denser,
cool water at the surface sinks to the bottom of the kettle and
is heated.

Where:
P = rate of heat flow in watts
A = surface area of the medium where moving fluid is present
h = convection coefficient in W/ or cal/
T = change in temperature
• The same process occurs when a room is heated by a radiator.
The hot radiator warms the air in the lower regions of the
room. The warm air expands and rises to the ceiling because
of its lower density. The denser, cooler air from above sinks,
and the continuous air current pattern shown in Figure below
is established.
Example 3
•A  vertical steam pipe has a diameter of 8 cm and height of 5 m.
The temperature of the steam in the pipe is 94 and the room
temperature is 23. How much heat is released to the air by
convection in 1 hour? The convective heat transfer coefficient is
1.726 cal/
Solution:
A = surface area of the pipe = = ()(0.08)(5) = 1.256
•  Exercise:
1. The heat transfer from a 2 m diameter sphere to a 25 air
stream over a period of time interval of 1 hour is 3000 kJ.
Estimate the surface temperature of the sphere if the heat
transfer coefficient is 10 W/.
Answer: 31.6
Heat Transfer by Radiation
• In
  radiation, the heat is carried from one place to another by
electromagnetic waves—for example, light waves, infrared
waves, or radio waves.
• All objects radiate energy continuously in the form of
electromagnetic waves produced by thermal vibrations of the
molecules.
• The rate at which an object radiates energy is proportional to
the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Known as Stefan’s
law, this behavior is expressed in equation form as

Where: P = power in watts


A = surface area
e = emissivity of the radiating surface
= the Stefan-Boltzmann constant equal to 5.6696 or 1740
T = surface temperature in Kelvin
• The value of e can vary between zero and unity depending on
the properties of the surface of the object. The emissivity is
equal to the absorptivity, which is the fraction of the incoming
radiation that the surface absorbs. An ideal absorber is
defined as an object that absorbs all the energy incident on it,
and for such an object, e = 1. An object for which e = 1 is often
referred to as a black body.
• Radiation is the only mechanism of heat transfer that can
carry heat through a vacuum; for instance, the heat of the Sun
reaches the Earth by radiation.
Example 4
•The
  tungsten filament of an incandescent light bulb is at 3200 K.
The filament wire has a diameter of 0.08 mm and 6 cm long.
Assuming the emissivity e = 1, calculate the power radiated by
the filament.

Solution: A = dL = =
•  Exercises:
1. A blackbody has a temperature of 500. What should its
temperature be in order that it radiates twice as much energy
per second?
Answer: 646.25
2. A copper ball 2 cm in radius is heated in a furnace to 400. If its
emissivity is 0.3, at what rate does it radiate energy?
Answer: 17.54 W
• Reference:
• H.C. Ohanian & J. T. Markert. Physics for Engineers and
Scientists. (3rd ed.)
• R. A. Serway & J. W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and
Engineers with Modern Physics. (8th ed.)

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