DIGITAL

IMAGE PROCESSING
Introduction
 INTRODUCTION

One Picture is Worth More Than

Ten Thousand Words

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 INTRODUCTION
In this session we discuss the representation of
images, covering basic notation and information about
images together with a discussion of standard image
types and image formats.

We end with a practical section, introducing Matlab’s

facilities for reading, writing,querying, converting and
displaying images of different image types and
formats.

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 What is an image?
A digital image can be considered as a discrete
representation of data possessing both spatial (layout)
and intensity (colour) information.

g(x , y)
Discretization

g(i , j)

Quantization
f(i , j) Digital Image

f(i0 , j0) : Picture Element, Image Element, Pel, Pixel 4

 What is image processing ?
Image processing involves changing the nature of an
image in order to either
1. improve its pictorial information for human
interpretation,
2. render it more suitable for autonomous machine
perception.

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 What is image processing ?
Examples of (1) may include:
Enhancing the edges of an image to make it appear
sharper

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What is image processing ?
Removing noise from an image

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What is image processing ?
Removing motion blur from an image.

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 What is image processing ?
Examples of (2) may include:
Obtaining the edges of an image.

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What is image processing ?
Removing detail from an image.

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 Some applications
Medicine
Inspection and interpretation of images obtained from
X-rays, MRI or CAT scans, analysis of cell images.
Agriculture
Satellite/aerial views of land, for example to determine
how much land is being used for different purposes, or
to investigate the suitability of different regions for
different crops.
Industry
Automatic inspection of items on a production line.
Law enforcement
Fingerprint analysis.

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Components of Image Proc.Syst

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Image Sensor
Single sensor

Line sensor

Array sensor

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard

13 E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Single Sensor

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard

14 E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
 Line Sensor

Fingerprint sweep sensor

Computerized Axial Tomography
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard
15 E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
 Charge Coupled Device
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)

w Used for convert a continuous

image into a digital image

w Contains an array of light sensors

w Converts photon into electric charges

accumulated in each sensor unit

CCD KAF-3200E from Kodak.

(2184 x 1472 pixels,
Pixel size 6.8 microns2)

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 Gate
Vertical Transport Register

Gate

Photosites
Vertical Transport Register

Gate
Horizontal Transportation Register
Inside CCD

Vertical Transport Register

Output Gate
Amplifier
Output
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 How CCD work
i h g Image pixel

f e d

c b a
i h g

f e d
i h g
Horizontal transport
register c b a
f e d

Vertical shift c b a Output

Horizontal shift
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 Image Layout
x

Origin

y
Image “After snow storm” f(x,y)

w An image: a multidimensional function of spatial coordinates.

w Spatial coordinate: (x,y) for 2D case such as photograph,
(x,y,z) for 3D case such as CT scan images
(x,y,t) for movies
w The function f may represent intensity (for monochrome images)
or color (for color images) or other associated values.

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 Image Layout
f(x,y) denotes the response of the pixel located at the
xth row and yth column starting from a top-left image
origin

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Intensity Image
Intensity image or monochrome image
each pixel corresponds to light intensity
normally represented in gray scale (gray
level).

Gray scale values

10 10 16 28
 9 6 26 37
 
15 25 13 22
 
32 15 87 39

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RGB Image
Color image or RGB image:
each pixel contains a vector
representing red, green and
blue components.

RGB components
10 10 16 28
 9 656 7026
56  43
37  78
 32 99 54 70  67 
96 56

15 256013902296   67
  21  54 47  42 
32  158587 853943  92
54  65 65 39 
32 65 87 99
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Binary Image
Binary image or black and white image
Each pixel contains one bit :
1 represent white
0 represents black

Binary data
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
 
1 1 1 1
 
1 1 1 1 23
Index Image
Index image
Each pixel contains index number
pointing to a color in a color table

Color Table

Index Red Green Blue

No. component component component

1 0.1 0.5 0.3

2 1.0 0.0 0.0
1 4 9
6 4 7  3 0.0 1.0 0.0
  4 0.5 0.5 0.5
6 5 2
5 0.2 0.8 0.9
Index value … … … …
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Acquisition Process

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Sampling and Quantization

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. 26

Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Sampling and Quantization

Image sampling: discretize an image in the spatial domain

Spatial resolution / image resolution: pixel size or number of pixels
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. 27
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
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