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Technology of Machine Tools: Layout Tools and Procedures

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50 views19 pages

Technology of Machine Tools: Layout Tools and Procedures

Uploaded by

Anibal Daza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PowerPoint to accompany

Technology of Machine Tools


6th Edition

Krar • Gill • Smid

LAYOUT TOOLS AND


PROCEDURES
Section 6

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-2

Laying Out
• Process of scribing or marking center points,
circles, arcs, or straight lines on metal
– Indicates shape of object
– Amount of metal to be removed
– Position of holes to be drilled
• Layouts made from baseline
• Layouts of two types: basic (semiprecision)
and precision
PowerPoint to accompany

Technology of Machine Tools


6th Edition

Krar • Gill • Smid

Basic Layout Materials,


Tools, and Accessories
Unit 19

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-4

Objectives
• Prepare a work surface for layout
• Use and care for various types of surface
plates
• Identify and use the main basic layout tools
and accessories
19-5

Layout Solutions
• Layout very important to accuracy of
finished product
• Surface of metal coated with layout solution
to make layout lines visible
• Surface should be clean and free of grease
• Several types of solutions available
19-6

Types of Solutions
• Layout dye or bluing
– Most common
– Quick-drying, good sharp background
• Copper sulfate solution
– Few drops of sulfuric acid added to solution
gives copper-colored surface
– Used on ferrous metal only
– Surface must be absolutely clean of grease
19-7

Types of Solutions
• Mixture of vermilion powder and shellac
– Used for Aluminum
– Alcohol used to thin solution or remove it
• Chalking
– Mixture of lime and alcohol
– Used for castings and hot-rolled steel
• Readily clings to rough surface of castings
19-8

Layout Tables and Surface Plates


• Work performed on layout table or surface
plate (Granite or Cast-iron)
• Granite considered better (Black, Pink, Gray)
– Do not become burred
– Do not rust
– Are not affected by temperature change
– Do not have internal stresses and therefore will
not warp or distort
– Are nonmagnetic
– Can be used for checking near grinding machines
– Are cheaper than similar-size cast-iron plate
19-9

Care of Surface Plates and


Layout Tables
• Keep working surface clean
• Cover plate or table when it is not in use
• Carefully place work on surface plate
• Use parallels under workpiece whenever possible
• Never hammer or punch any layout on surface
plate
• Remove burrs from cast-iron plates and protect
surfaces with thin film of oil when not in use
19-10

Scribers
• Has hardened steel point(s) and on some one
end bent at angle for hard-to-reach places
• Point must always be sharp
– Honed frequently on fine oilstone
• Knife-edge scribers used for extremely fine
lines

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-11

Dividers and Trammels


• Dividers used for scribing arcs and circles
on layout and transferring measurements
• Spring divider most common type
– Creates circles in sizes from 3 to 12 in
• Trammel
– Consists of beam on which two sliding
or adjustable heads with scriber points
are mounted
– Can do larger circles

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-12

Hermaphrodite Calipers
• One curved leg and one straight leg with
scriber point
• Used for laying out
lines parallel to an edge
and locating center
round or irregular-
shaped stock
• For parallel lines hold
scriber at 90º to edge
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-13

Squares
• Used to lay out lines at right angles to
machined edge, test accuracy of surfaces
that must be square, and set up work for
machining
• Adjustable squares used for general work
• Solid square: beam and blade
– Used where greater accuracy required
• Master squares
– Used to check accuracy of other squares
19-14

The Combination Set


• Used extensively in layout work
• Consists of steel rule, square head, bevel
protractor and center head

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-15

The Combination Set


• Steel rule fitted to other three parts
• Square head Used to lay out angles at 45º
and 90º and parallel to edge lines
• Bevel protractor used to lay out and check
various angles (0º to 180º)
– Accuracy is ± 0.5º (30')
• Center head forms center square when
mounted on rule
– Used for locating centers of ends of round ,
square, and octagonal stock
19-16

Surface Gage

Consists of base,
spindle, and scriber

Used on surface
plate to scribe
parallel lines

Some have a V-groove machined


in the base, which allows them to
be used on cylindrical work

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-17

Layout or Prick Punches and


Center Punches
• Difference only in angle of point
• Prick punch ground to angle of 30º to 60º
– Used to permanently mark location of layout
lines
• Center punch
ground to 90º
– Used to mark
location of
centers of holes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-18

Layout Lines
• After scribed on workpiece, should be
permanently marked by means of layout or
prick-punch marks
– Ensures layout line location visible should line
be rubbed off through handling
– Intersection of circle centerlines prick-punches
then enlarge with center punch
• Automatic center punches produces uniform
spacing of marks
19-19

Layout Accessories
• Angle plate and toolmaker's clamp
– Used when lines are required on face of plate
– Possible to scribe intersecting 90º lines accurately
• Parallels
– Used to raise workpiece and maintain work surface
parallel to top of surface plate
• V-blocks
– Used to hold round work for layout and inspection
• Keyseat rules and keyset clamps
– Used to draw lines parallel to axis of shaft

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