ELECTROTECHNIQUE 1

LEB 20503

 Define series impedances and analyze

series AC circuits using circuit
techniques.

1
14.3 Response of Basic R, L and C Elements
to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current (review)

FIG. 15.46 Reviewing the frequency response of the basic elements. 2

 SERIES
AC CIRCUITS
(CHAPTER 2)

3
15.3 Series Impedances
• The overall properties of series AC circuits are
the same as those for DC circuits.
• For instance, the total impedance of a system is
the sum of the individual impedances:

[Ω]

4
15.3 Series Impedances
Example 15.7
Draw the impedance diagram
and find the total impedance.

Solution
ZT  Z1  Z 2
  R0   X L 90
 R  jX L
 4  j8
ZT  8.9463.34 
5
15.3 Series Impedances
Example 15.8
Draw the impedance diagram
and find the total impedance.

Solution

ZT  Z1  Z 2  Z 3
  R0   X L 90   X C   90
 R  jX L  jX C
 6  j10  j12
 6  j2
ZT  6.32  18.43 
6
15.3 Series AC Circuit
• In a series AC configuration having two
impedances, the current I is the same through
each element (as it was for the series DC circuit)
• The current is determined by Ohm’s Law:

ZT  Z1  Z 2

V1  ??, V2  ??
7
15.3 Series Configuration
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law can be applied in the
same manner as it is employed for a DC circuit.

• The power to the circuit can be determined by:

Where
E, I : effective values (Erms, Irms)
θT : phase angle between E and I
8
14.5 Power Factor
Power factor  Fp  cos T
P  Erms I rms cos T

• For a purely resistive load;

 T  0 FP  cos T  1

Hence; P  Erms I rms cos T  Erms I rms

• For purely inductive or purely capacitive load;

T  90 FP  cos T  0

Hence; P  Erms I rms cos T  0

9
14.5 Power Factor
• Power factor can be lagging or leading.
– Defined by the current through the load.

• Lagging power factor:

– Current lags voltage
– Inductive circuit

• Leading power factor:

– Current leads voltage
– Capacitive circuit

10
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
1. Phasor Notation

Series R-L circuit Apply phasor notation

e  141.4 sin t E  100 V0

11
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
2. ZT

ZT  Z1  Z 2
 (30)  (490)
 3  j4

ZT  5 53.13

Impedance diagram:

12
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
3. I

E 100 V0
I 
ZT 5 53.13

I  20 A   53.13

13
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
4. VR and VL

Ohm’s Law:
VR  I Z R
 (20 A   53.13 )(3 0)
VR  60  53.13 V

VL  I Z L
 (20 A   53.13 )(4 90 )
VL  8036.87  V
14
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

V  EV R  VL  0

E  VR  VL
Or;
In rectangular form, VR  60 V  53.13  36  j 48 V;
VL  80 V36.87   64  j 48 V
E  VR  VL
 (36  j 48)  (64  j 48)  100  j 0
 100 V0 15
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
Phasor diagram:

E  100 V0

I  20 A   53.13

VR  60  53.13 V

VL  8036.87  V

I is in phase with the VR and lags the VL by 90o.

I lags E by 53.13o. 16
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
Power: The total power delivered to the circuit is

PT  EI cos T
 (100)(20) cos 53.13
 1200 W

Where
E, I : effective values;
θT : phase angle between E and I

Or; PT  I 2 R  20 2  3  1200 W
17
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
Power factor:
Fp  cos T
 cos 53.13

Fp  0.6 lagging

P  EI cos
P I 2 R IR R R R
cos      FP  cos T 
EI EI E E I ZT ZT
18
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
1. Phasor Notation

Series R-C circuit Apply phasor notation

i  7.07 sin t  53.13  A I  553.13 A

19
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
2. ZT

Impedance diagram:

ZT  Z1  Z 2
 (60)  (8  90)
 6  j8
ZT  10  53.13 
20
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
3. E

E  IZT
 (553.13 )(10  53.13 )

E  500 V

21
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
4. VR and VC

Ohm’s Law:
VR  I Z R
 (553.13 )(60 )
VR  3053.13 V

VC  I ZC
 (553.13 )(8  90 )
VC  40  36.87  V
22
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

V  E V R  VC  0

Or; E  VR  VC

23
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Phasor diagram:

I  553.13 A

E  500 V

VR  3053.13 V

VC  40  36.87  V

I is in phase with the VR and leads the VC by 90o.

I leads E by 53.13o. 24
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Time domain: E  500 V e  70.7 sin t V
VR  3053.13 V

vR  42.42 sin t  53.13  V
VC  40  36.87  V vC  56.56 sin t  36.87  V

25
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Power:
The total power delivered to the circuit is

P  EI cos T
 (50)(5) cos 53.13
 150 W

Or; P  I 2 R  52  6  150 W

26
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Power factor:

Fp  cos T
 cos 53.13

Fp  0.6 leading

Or; R
FP  cos T 
ZT
6
FP   0.6 leading
10 27
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
1. Phasor Notation

TIME DOMAIN

PHASOR DOMAIN

28
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C Impedance diagram:
2. ZT

ZT  Z1  Z 2  Z 3
  R0   X L 90   X C   90
 3  j 7  j3
 3  j4
ZT  553.13 29
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
3. I

E 500
I 
ZT 553.13

I  10  53.13 A

30
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
4. VR , VL and VC

Ohm’s Law:
VR  IZ R  (10  53.13 )(30 )

VR  30  53.13 V

VL  IZ L  (10  53.13 )(790 )

VL  7036.87  V

VC  IZ C  (10  53.13 )(3  90 )

  VC  30  143.13 V
31
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

V  E V R  VL  VC  0

Or; E  VR  VL  VC

32
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
Phasor diagram:
E  500 V
I  10  53.13 A
VR  30  53.13 V

VL  7036.87  V
VC  30  143.13 V

I is in phase with the VR , lags the VL by 90o, leads the VC by 90o

I lags E by 53.13o. 33
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
Time domain:

34
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
Power:
The total power delivered to the circuit is
PT  EI cos T  (50)(10) cos 53.13  300 W

Or; PT  I 2 R  102  3  300 W

Power factor:
Fp  cos T  cos 53.13

Fp  0.6 lagging
35
15.4 Voltage Divider Rule
• The basic format for the VDR in AC circuits is
exactly the same as that for the DC circuits.

Zx
Vx  E
ZT
Where
Vx : voltage across one or more elements in a series that
have total impedance Zx
E : total voltage appearing across the series circuit.
ZT : total impedance of the series circuit.

36
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(a)

Calculate I, VR, VL and VC in phasor form.

37
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(a) - Solution

Combined the R’s, L’s and C’s.

RT LT CT
RT  R1  R2 10 W 0.1 H 100 mF
 6  4  10  ve
202sin377t i
LT  L1  L2
 0.05  0.05  0.1 H

1 1 1 C1C2 200  200

  CT    100 F
CT C1 C2 C1  C2 200  200
38
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(a) – Solution (cont’d)
RT XL XC
Find the reactances.
10 W 37.7 W 26.53 W
X L  LT  377(0.1) VE
200 V I
 37.7 
1 1
XC    26.53 
CT 377(100 10 )
6

1. Transform the circuit into phasor domain.

e  20 2 sin 377t V E  200 V
i I
39
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(a) – Solution (cont’d)

2. Determine the total impedance.

ZT  RT  jX L  jX C RT XL XC
 10  j 37.7  j 26.53
10 W 37.7 W 26.53 W
 10  j11 .17 V
E
200 V I
ZT  1548.16 

3. Calculate I.
E 200
I  I  1.33  48.16 A
ZT 1548.16
40
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(a) – Solution (cont’d)
RT XL XC
4. Calculate VR, VL and VC
10 W 37.7 W 26.53 W
VE
VR  IZ R 200 V I

 (1.33  48.16 )(100 )

VR  13.3  48.16 V
VL  IZ L
VL  50.1441.84 V
 (1.33  48.16 )(37.790 )

VC  IZ C
VC  35.28  138.16 V
 (1.33  48.16 )(26.53  90 ) 41
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(b)

Calculate the total power factor.

Solution
E  200 V I  1.33  48.16 A
Angle between E and I is 48.16


Fp  cos T  cos 48.16

Fp  0.667 lagging
42
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(c)
Calculate the average power delivered to the circuit.

Solution

E  200 V I  1.33  48.16 A

PT  EI cosT  (20)(1.33) cos 48.16

PT  17.74 W

43
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(d)
Draw the phasor diagram.

Solution
E  200 V
I  1.33  48.16 A
VR  13.3  48.16 V
VL  50.1441.84 V
VC  35.28  138.16 V
44
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(e)
Obtain the phasor sum of VR, VL and VC and show
that it equals the input voltage E.
Solution
VR  13.3  48.16 V  8.894  j 9.933 V
VL  50.1441.84 V  37.355  j 33.446 V
VC  35.28  138.16 V  26.284  j 23.534 V

E  VR  VL  VC
 8.894  37.355  26.284  j 9.933  j 33.446  j 23.534
E  19.965  j 0.021  20  j 0  200 V
45
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(f)
Find VR and VC using voltage divider rule.
RT XL XC

Solution 10 W 37.7 W 26.53 W

VE
200 V I
ZT  1548.16 

ZR 100
VR  E ( 200 
) VR  13.3  48.16 V
ZT 1548.16 

ZC 26.53  90
VC  E ( 200 
) VC  35.37  138.16 V
ZT 1548.16 

46
15.6 Summaries of Series AC Circuits

For a series AC circuits with reactive elements:

• The total impedance will be frequency dependent.
• The impedance of any one element can be
greater than the total impedance of the network.
• The inductive and capacitive reactances are
always in direct opposition on an impedance
diagram.
• Depending on the frequency applied, the same
circuit can be either predominantly inductive or
predominantly capacitive.
47
15.6 Summaries of Series AC Circuits
(continued…)
• At lower frequencies, the capacitive elements
will usually have the most impact on the total
impedance.
• At high frequencies, the inductive elements will
usually have the most impact on the total
impedance.
• The magnitude of the voltage across any one
element can be greater than the applied voltage.

48
15.6 Summaries of Series AC Circuits
(continued…)
• The magnitude of the voltage across an element
as compared to the other elements of the circuit
is directly related to the magnitude of its
impedance; that is, the larger the impedance of
an element , the larger the magnitude of the
voltage across the element.

• The voltages across an inductor or capacitor are

always in direct opposition on a phasor diagram.

49
15.6 Summaries of Series AC Circuits
(continued…)
• The current is always in phase with the voltage
across the resistive elements, lags the voltage
across all the inductive elements by 90°, and
leads the voltage across the capacitive elements
by 90°.

• The larger the resistive element of a circuit

compared to the net reactive impedance, the
closer the power factor is to unity.

50