Chapter Five

AC and DC Motors

5.1 Introduction to three phase circuits

The single phase connection for house hold system are:

Figure 1: Single-phase systems: (a) two-wire type, (b) three-wire type

 Circuits or systems in which the ac sources operate at the same frequency but
different phases are known as polyphase.

Fig: two phase three wire fig: three phase four wire system
 Conti…..
 A two-phase system is produced by a generator consisting of two coils placed perpendicular
to each other so that the voltage generated by one lags the other by 90̊.
 Three-phase systems are important for at least three reasons.
 First, nearly all electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase
 Second, the instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant.
(uniform power transmission )
 Third, for the same amount of power, the three-phase system is more economical
than the single phase
5.2 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
Three-phase voltages are often produced with a three-phase ac generator (or alternator)
whose cross-sectional view is shown in Fig. below. The generator basically consists of a
rotating magnet (called the rotor) surrounded by a stationary winding (called the stator)
• A three-phase system is equivalent to three single-phase circuits
figure: three phase a) Y- connected
b) Δ-connected vge sources

The voltages Van, Vbn and Vcn and are respectively between lines a, b, and c, and the neutral line
n. These voltages are called phase voltages. If the voltage sources have the same
amplitude and frequency and are out of phase with each other by 120̊ the voltages are
said to be balanced. This implies that

fig: abc (positive) sequence fig: acb (negetive) sequence

• The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through their respective
maximum values.
• For positive sequence (abc)

• Like the generator connections, a three-phase load can be either wye-connected or delta-
connected, depending on the end application.
Delta connected
Wye-connected
load

 A wye- or delta-connected load is said to be unbalanced if the phase impedances are not
equal in magnitude or phase.
 A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase.
 For a balanced wye-connected load, Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = ZY
Where Zy is the load impedance per phase.

For a balanced delta connected load, Za=Zb=Zc=ZΔ

 we have four possible connections (Source-load connections)
Y-Y connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a Y-connected load).
Y- Δ connection.
Δ- Δ connection.
Δ - Y connection.
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection
 A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase system with a balanced Y-connected source
and a balanced Y-connected load.

 fig: Balanced Y-Y Connection

 Balanced Y-Y Connection

 Zs and Zl are often very small as compared to

ZL, one can assume ZY=ZL if no source or line
impedance is given. Assuming the positive
sequence, the phase voltages (or line-to-neutral
voltages) are:

 The line-to-line voltages or simply line voltages

and are related to the phase voltages. For
 Thus, the magnitude of the line example,
voltages VL is times the
magnitude of the phase voltages
or

 Similarly, we can obtain

 Where
  Also the line voltages lead their
corresponding phase voltages by 30̊.
 Notice that the line voltage Vab leads
Vbc by 120̊ and Vbc leads Vca by 120̊
 so that the line voltages sum up to
zero as do the phase voltages.
 we obtain the line currents as:

That is, the voltage across the neutral wire is

zero.

While the line current is the current in each

line, the phase current is the current in each
phase of the source or load. In the Y-Y system,  We can readily infer that the line
the line current is the same as the phase currents add up to zero,
current. Using one of the single phase :
 Types of DC & AC Motors
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
An electromechanical energy conversion device is essentially a medium
of transfer between an input side and an output side. Three electrical
machines (DC, induction and synchronous) are used extensively for
electromechanical energy conversion.
Electric Motor

Electric Generator
 DC Motor Construction
Stator
The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.
The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more permanent
magnet pole pieces.
The magnetic field can alternatively be created by an electromagnet. In this case, a
DC coil (field winding) is wound around a magnetic material that forms part of the
stator.
Rotor
The rotor is the inner part which rotates.
The rotor is composed of windings (called armature windings) which are connected to
the external circuit through a mechanical commutator.
Both stator and rotor are made of magnetic materials. The two are separated by air-
gap.
Winding
A winding is made up of series or parallel connection of coils.
 Armature winding - The winding through which the voltage is applied or induced.
 Field winding - The winding through which a current is passed to produce flux (for
the electromagnet)
 Windings are usually made of copper.
 Principle of How Motors Work:
 Electrical current flowing in a loop of wire will produce a magnetic field across the
loop.
 When this loop is surrounded by the field of another magnet, the loop will turn,
producing a force (called torque) that results in mechanical motion.
• Motors are powered by electricity, but rely on principles of magnetism to produce
mechanical motion.
Magnets: permanent and electromagnet(when electricity flows through a coil of wire. )
Q - How do we reverse the poles of this electromagnet?
A – By reversing the polarity of the battery!
The Electromagnet in a Stationary Magnetic Field
If we surround the electromagnet with a stationary magnetic field, the
poles of the electromagnet will attempt to line up with the poles of the
stationary magnet.
Opposite poles attract!
The rotating motion is transmitted
to the shaft, providing useful
mechanical work. This is how DC
motors work!

Once the poles align, the nail (and shaft) stops rotating. How do we
make the rotation continue?
By switching the poles of the electromagnet. When they line up again,
switch the poles the other way, and so on. This way, the shaft will
rotate in one direction continuously!
• Inside an electric motor, these attracting and
repelling forces create rotational motion.
DC Motor Equivalent circuit

F
 DC Motor Classification
 According to the electrical connections of the armature winding and the field windings:
DC Motors classified into:
 Separately excited motors
 Self excited motors
Separately excited motors
 The armature and field winding are electrically separate from each other.
 The field winding is excited by a separate DC source.(The above figure is such type)
Self excited motors
In these machines, instead of a separate voltage source, the field winding is connected across the
main voltage terminals. It has the following three types:
1. Shunt motor
 The armature and field winding are connected in parallel.
 The armature voltage and field voltage are the same.
 2. Series DC motor
 The field winding and armature winding are connected in series.
 The field winding carries the same current as the armature winding.
 A series wound motor is also called a universal motor. It is universal in the sense
that it will run equally well using either an ac or a dc voltage source.

Figure: Series DC Motor

3. Compound DC motor
If both series and shunt field windings are used, the motor is said to be compounded. In
a compound machine, the series field winding is connected in series with the armature,
and the shunt field winding is connected in parallel.
 AC Motors
Power generation is dominated by AC machines
– high-power motors are usually AC, three-phase
AC motors can be divided into two main forms:
 synchronous motors
 induction motors

Synchronous motors
 Just as a DC generator can be used as a DC motor, so AC generators (or alternators)
can be used as synchronous AC motors.
 the field coils are mounted on the rotor and current is fed to these by a set of slip
rings
– three phase motors use three sets of stator coils.
• the rotating magnetic field drags the rotor around with it
– single phase motors require some starting mechanism.
– torque is only produced when the rotor is in sync with the rotating magnetic
field.
 Induction motors
– these are perhaps the most important form of AC motor(widely used)
– current is induced in the rotor by transformer action
 the stator is similar to that in a synchronous motor
 the rotor is simply a set of parallel conductors shorted together at either end by
two conducting rings.

A squirrel-cage induction motor

 In a three-phase induction motor the three phases produce a rotating magnetic field
(as in a three-phase synchronous motor)
– current is induced in the field coils in the same way that current is induced in the
secondary of a transformer.
 This current turns the rotor into an electromagnet which is dragged around by the
rotating magnetic field.
 The rotor always goes slightly slower than the magnetic field
 Such motors(Single phase induction motors) are inexpensive and are widely used in
domestic applications.
The End !