Presentation on

CNC MACHINES
By: Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
WELCOM
E
 CNC Machines

What is a CNC Machine?

CNC : Computer Numerical Control

Conventionally, an operator decides and adjusts

various machines parameters lilxe feed , depth of
cut etc depending on type of job , and controls
the slide movements by hand. In a CNC
Machine functions and slide movements are
controlled by motors using computer programs.
The Evolution of NC
It was in 1947 when numerical control was born. It began when John
C. Parsons of the Parsons Corporation, Traverse City, Michigan, a manufacturer
of helicopter rotor blades, could not make his templates fast enough. So, he
invented a way of coupling computer equipment with a jig borer. Mr. Parsons
used punched cards to operate his digit Ron system.
1949 was the year of another “Urgent need”. The U.S. Air Material
command realized that parts for its planes and missiles were becoming more
complex. Also, as the designs were constantly being improved, changes in the
drawing were frequently made. Thus, in their search for methods of faster
production, an Air Force study contract was awarded to the Parsons
Corporation. The servo mechanisms laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology (MIT) was the subcontractor.
In 1951, MIT took over the complete job, and in 1952, the prototype of
today’s NC machine, a modified Cincinnati Hydrotel Milling Machine, was
successfully demonstrated. The term numerical control was originated
at MIT.
TYPES OF CNC MACHINE
There are many different types of CNC Machines used in
industry, Such as:
• Mills and Machining Centers
• Lathes and Turning Centers
• Drilling Machines
• EDM Sinker and wire cut Machines
• Flame and Laser-Cutting Machines
• Water Jet Profilers
 TYPES OF CNC MACHINE
CONTROL UNITS

•^FANUC CONTROLL
•^ SIEMENS
•^ GSI'ć
•^ MECH 3 etc
 PROGRAM INPUT

Different ways of data input are :

•MDI : Manual Data Input

•PROGRAM PREPARATION WITH CAD CAM
• PROGRAM DATA TRANSFER FROM PC TO
CNC
M/C
•PROGRAM DATA TRANSFER FROM PC TO DNC
OPERATIONS
 RATI EAT of
NAL U CN
MACHINES
A CNC control system
includes a velocity loop
within an axis drive system
and a posiëon Iæp e&emaI
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CNC
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•For a CNC machine control unit (MCU) decides
cutting
•speed, feed, depth of cut, tool selection , coolant
on off and tool paths.
• The MCU issues commands in form of
•numeric data to motors that position slides and
tool accordingly.
 Werview
•A numerical control, or “NC”, system controls many machine
functions and movements which were traditionally performed by
slxilled machinists.
•Numerical control developed out of the need to meet the
requirements of high production rates, uniformity and
consistent part quality.
•Programmed instructions are converted into output signals
which in turn control machine operations such as spindle
speeds, tool selection, tool movement, and cutting fluid flow.

' c • t1 1 ] * I l 1 u -
TlE
 Overvie
w
•By integrating a computer processor, computer numerical control, or
“CNC” as it is now linown, allows part machining programs to be edited
and stored in the computer memory as well as permitting diagnostics and
quality control functions during the actual machining.
•All CNC machining begins with a part program, which is a
sequential instructions or coded commands that direct the specific
machine functions.
•The part program may be manually generated or, more commonly,
generated by computer aided part programming systems.
 Basic OC Dinciples
AI computer controlled machines are able to accurately and
repeatedly control motion in various directions. Each of these
directions of motion is called an axis. Depending on the machine type
there are commonly two to five axes.
Additionally, a CNC axis may be either a linear axis in which movement
is in a straight line, or a rotary axis with motion following a circular
path.
 MotiOR CORtFOl - the heart of CN C

•The most basic function of any CNC machine is

automatic, precise, and consistent motion control.

•Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause

motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, CNC
machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner.

•All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of

motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and
automatically positioned along their lengths of travel.

•The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a
straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path).
Basic CNC Principies Coordinates System:

Consists of three axes positioned 90

degrees from each other.

5-
4 5-
— 1-
(— (1,3)
1,2)

—1 1 2 3 4
— —X,
1-
5 — -2 —1 1
—1
(3,—2)
s 2
B
— t2,0.5)
3- - 6(5, .51
3-

Absolute Céordinate System Incremental Coordinate System

World Positioning:

•The method of accurate worlx positioning in relation to the cutting tool is

called the “rectangular coordinate system.” On the vertical mill, the horizontal
base line is designated the “X” axis, while the vertical base line is designated the
“Y” axis. The “Z” axis is at a right angle, perpendicular to both the “X” and “Y”
axes.

•Increments for all base lines are specified in linear measurements, for most
machines the smallest increment is one ten-thousandth of an inch (.oooi). If
the machine is graduated in metric the smallest increment is usually one
thousandth of a millimeter (.ooimm).

•The rectangular coordinate system allows the mathematical plotting of points

in space. These points or locations are called “coordinates.” The coordinates in
turn relate to the tool center and dictate the “tool path” through the worlx.
 Basic CNC Principles
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CNCLathe
Automated version of a manual lathe.
Programmed to change tools automatically.
Used for turning and boring wood, metal
and plastic.

How CNC Lathe Worlxs:

Controlled by G and M codes.
These are number values and co-ordinates.
Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation.
Typed in manually to CAD/CAM by machine operators.
G&M codes are automatically generated by the computer
software.
CNC LAHTE
 CNC Machines- Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:
•High Repeatability and Precision e.g. Aircraft parts
•Volume of production is very high
•Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined. etc
•Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap
•More safe, higher productivity, better quality
•Less paper worlx, faster prototype production, reduction in lead times

Disadvantages:
•Costly setup, slxilled operators
•Computers, programming lxnowledge required
•Maintenance is difficult
 How CNC Works

Controlled by G and M codes.

These are number values and co-ordinates.
Each number or code is assigned to a particular
operation.
Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators.
G&M codes are automatically generated by the
computer software.
Features of CNC Lathe

The tool or material moves.

Tools can operate in i- §j Etxes.
Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU)
which manages operations.
Movement is controlled by a motors .
Feedbaclx is provided by sensors.
Tool magazines are used to change
tools automatically.
 Toois
Most are made from
high speed steel (HSS),
tungsten carbide or ceramics.
Tools are designed to direct waste away from the
material.
Some tools need coolant such as oil to protect
the tool
and worli.
Tool Paths, Cutting and Plotting Motions

Tool paths describes the route the cutting tool talxes.

Motion can be described as point to point, straight cutting
or contouring.
Speeds are the rate at which the tool operates e.g. rpm.
Feeds are the rate at which the cutting tool and worlx
piece move in relation to each other.
Feeds and speeds are determined by cutting depth,
material and quality of finish needed. e.g. harder materials
need slower feeds and speeds.
Rouging cuts remove larger amounts of material than
finishing cuts.
Rapid traversing allows the tool or worlx piece to move
rapidly when no machining is talking place.
 rog mmi Ba
i
CNC instructions are called part program commands.

When running, a part program is interpreted one

command line at a time until all lines are completed.

Commands, which are also referred to as bloclxs, are made

up of words which each begin with a letter address and end
with a numerical value.
CN progra
ing
Important things to l<now:

Coordinate System

Units, incremental or absolute positioning

Coordinates: X,Y,Z,

Feed rate and spindle speed

Coolant Control: On/Off, Flood, Mist

Tool Control: Tool and tool parameters

 CN progra
Programming consists of a series of instructions in form of letter codes
ing
Preparatory Codes:
G codes- Initial machining setup and establishing operating
conditions

N codes- specify program line number to executed by the MCU

Axis Codes: X,Y,Z - Used to specify motion of the slide along X, Y, Z

direction

Feed and Speed Codes: F and S- Specify feed and spindle speed

Tool codes: T — specify tool number

Miscellaneous codes — M codes For coolant control and other

activities
Programming Key Letters
 O - Program number (Used for program identification)
 N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
 G - Preparatory function
 X - X axis designation
 Y - Y axis designation
 Z - Z axis designation
 R - Radius designation
 F – Feed rate designation
 S - Spindle speed designation
 H - Tool length offset designation
 D - Tool radius offset designation
 T - Tool Designation
 M - Miscellaneous function
Expianation of common used
codes
Goo - Preparatory code to control final position of the
tool and not concerned with the path that is followed in
arriving at the final destination.

Goi - Tool is required to move in a straight line

connecting current position and final position. Used for
tool movement without any machining- point to point
control. (linear interpolation)

Goz — Tool path followed is along an arc specified by I, J

and IC codes.( circular interpolation)
 Table of Important G codes
G00 Rapid Transverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW
G17 XY Plane,G18 XZ Plane,G19 YZ Plane
G20/G70 Inch units
G21/G71 Metric Units
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left
G42 Cutter compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G44 Tool length compensation (minus)
G49 Tool length compensation cancel
G80 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G90 Absolute positioning
G91 Incremental positioning
Table of Important M codes
 M00 Program stop
 M01 Optional program stop
 M02 Program end
 M03 Spindle on clockwise
 M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
 M05 Spindle stop
 M06 Tool change
 M08 Coolant on
 M09 Coolant off
 M10 Clamps on
 M11 Clamps off
 M30 Program stop, reset to start
 Dogram Ammand &rameters

Optimum machine programming requires consideration of certain machine

operating parameters including:
• Fbsitioning control
• Compensations
• Special machine features

Fbsitioning control is the ability to program tool and machine slide movement
simultaneously along two or more axes. Fbsitioning may be for point-to-point
movement or for contouring movement along a continuous path. Contouring
requires tool movement along multiple axes simultaneously. This movement is
referred to as “I nterpolation” which is the process of calculating
intermediate values between specific points along a programmed path and
outputting those values as a precise motion. Interpolation may be linear having
just a start and end point along a straight line, or circular which requires an end
point, a center and a direction around the arc.
 CAD/
CAM
Two computer-based systems which impact the use of CNC technology are
CAD(computer aided design )and CAM (computer aided manufacturing).
A computer aided design, or CAD, system uses computers to graphically
create product designsandmodels. These designscan be reviewed,
revised, and refined for optimum end use and application. Once finalized,
the CAD design is then exported to a computer aided manufacturing, or
CAM, system.
CAM systems assist in all phases of manufacturing a product, including
process planning, production planning, machining, scheduling,
management and quality control.
 Programming Exampìe
Cyfindricaf Part

Raw Materi

Finished
Programming Example (Cyfindricaf Part)
00077
N0005 G28 U0.0 WO.0;
N0010 T0202;
N0020 07 S1500
N0030 M03;
N0040 00 X50.00 Z1.0
G71 U1.0 .0;
N0050 G71 P0060 Q00 U0.5 WO.2 FO.2;
X13.0;
N0060 X15.0 Z-1.0;
N0080 Z-
N007
N0090 X23.0
30.0
0 X25.0 Z-50.0;
N0100 X50.0;
N0120 G70 P0060 Q0110 S2500 FO.1;
N0110 G28 U0.0 WO.0,
N0130
N0140 M30
 Thank You
Any
Questions 