Architecture and

Elements of Smart Power

Distribution Systems

EEL 4990/5262 Smart

Distribution Systems
 Smart Grid : A concept and a need

A SmartGrid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate

the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers
and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable,
economic and secure electricity supplies
Smart Grid : Key Aspects

Communication
and Standards

Computational Power System

Intelligence
Enhancement
Smart
Grid

Environments
Test Bed and Economics
Smart Grid : Characteristic Features


 Active Consumer Participation

 Accommodation of all
generation and storage Options


 New products, services, and markets


 Provision of power quality for the digital economy


 Optimization of assets and operates efficiently


 Anticipating responsesto system disturbances

self- healing)

Resiliency against cyber attack and natural

disasters
Stakeholders: Smart Grid
SMART
GRID
Stakehold
ers
UTILITIES:
Installation of Power
Grid Technologies

POLICY MAKERS : Establishment of

Standard for operation, monitoring ,
interoperability etc.

TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS: Development of

Smart Grid Technologies

RESEARCHERS: Development of Tools and Technology

for the Smart Grid

CONSUMERS: Customer input and participation, consumer

bye‐in etc.
 Smart Grid Distribution System Component
 Primary feeders at this voltage level supply small industrial
customers
 secondary distribution feeders supply residential and
commercial customers

 Intelligent support schemes will have monitoring capabilities for

automation using
 smart meters
 communication links between consumers and utility
control
 Energy management components
 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
 Smart Grid Distribution System Component cntd...

The automation function will be equipped with

 Self ‐ learning capability

 Includes modules for fault detection
 Voltage optimization and
load transfer
 Automatic billing
 Restoration and feeder reconfiguration
 And real – time pricing
 Concept of SMART METERING
o Smart meters are more sophisticated as
o They have two way communications
o provide a real time display of energy use and pricing information,
dynamic tariffs
o facilitate the automatic control of electrical appliances
o demand‐side bidding and remote connect/ disconnect
o Smart meters have two‐way communication to a Gateway and/or a
Home Area Network (HAN) controller
o The gateway allows the transfer of smart meter data to energy
suppliers, distribution network operators (DNOs) and other emerging
energy service companies
Key Components :
Smart meters, A two-way Communication network, A Meter Data
Management (MDM) system, and HAN
LEGACY VS
AMI SYSTEM
Consumer Metering Utility

Electricity Utility
Meter
Cannot
communicate One-way
to/from communication
consumer

Consumer Metering LAN WAN MDMS Utility

HAN
In home
Display Smart RF MESH GSM MDMS
Meter PLC Utility
BPL

AMI
Two-way
communication
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How are smart meters different than
current meters?
 From Conventional Meter’s which can provide usage data to the
company’s
information systems for monthly
 billing.
Smart meter can provide notification of outages and detect possible
theft. The
newer, advanced meters are considered “bi-directional” or two-way
and can
linked to be
the utility’s communications network and smart grid,
as well as a home area network, programmable thermostat, and smart
consumer’s
appliances.
Benefits of Smart Meter

 Improved power quality

 More efficient
 Secure power delivery
 Enhanced electric reliability
 Prepayment Options Available
 Load survey / profiling helping in demand
forecasting
 Over-the-air firmware and configuration
 More accurate bills — smart meters mean the end of estimated
upgrade
bills,
endand
of the
overpaying (or underpaying) for your energy
 Automatic Meter Reading Through ZIGBEE/HAN/LAN
Network.
 Better oversight and management of your energy use with a
real-time
displaydata
in your
home
Functions & Types Of Smart
Meter
 Wireless smart metering modules with greater
range.
 GSM based smart meter modules for industrial
metering.
 Wireless data collection mechanisms
SMART METER SYSTEM
ARCHITECTU
BASIC
RE
SMART METER
TECHNOLOGIES
 Smart Meter Systems are varied in technology and design but operate
throughoverall
simple a
 process.
The Smart Meters collect data locally and transmit via a Local Area
Network
to a data(LAN)
 collector.
This transmission can occur as often as 15 minutes or according to the
use of the
dat
a.
SMART METER
TECHNOLOGIES
 The collector retrieves the data and may or may not carry out any
processing of the
dat
 a.
Data is transmitted via a Wide Area Network (WAN) to the utility central
point for
collection
processing.
BASIC TYPES OF SMART METER
SYSTEMS

There are four basic categories of Smart Meter System technologies as

thei LAN. They
r
are: by
defined
 Wireless
 Radio Frequency
(RF)
 Power Line Carrier
(PLC)
 GSM/GPRS based
Wireless smart
meter
 Smart meter modules available from 100 meters to 6
Kms
 Modules work on 2.4 GHz or Sub-1 GHz solution (865-
 Mesh connection of smart meters is possible, which
868 MHz)
enables
transmissi
easy
on
 Built-in remote firmware upgrade(over-the-air upgrade)
anddiagnostics
remote
 Single data concentrators can communicate with up to 500
meters
 Ultra low power consumption modules available at most
economical pricing
Smart Meter
Architecture
Smart Grid Energy Control Network

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RADIO
FREQUENCY
 Smart Meter measurements and other data are transmitted by wireless
radio
the from to a collection
meter
 point.
The data is then delivered by various methods to the utility data
systems forat a central
processing
location.
MESH
TECHNOLOGY
 The smart meters talk to each other (hop) to form a LAN cloud to a
collector.
 The collector transmits the data using various WAN methods to the
utility central
locatio
n.
MESH
TECHNOLOGY
ADVANTAGES
 Mesh RF Technologies’ advantages
include:
 Acceptable latency
 Large bandwidth
MESH
TECHNOLOGY
DISADVANTAGES
 Terrain and distance challenges for rural
areas
 Proprietary communications
 Multiple collection points
POINT TO POINT RF
TECHNOLOGY

 The smart meters talk directly to a collector, usually

a tower.
 The tower collector transmits the data using various methods to the
utility central
location for
processing.
POINT TO POINT RF
TECHNOLOGY

ADVANTAGES
 Direct communication with each
endpoint
 Large bandwidth
 Licensed spectrum
 Can cover longer distances
POINT TO POINT RF
TECHNOLOGY

DISADVANTAGES
 Licensing (not for 900MHz)
 Terrain may prove challenging in rural areas
 Proprietary communications used for some
technologies
 Less interface with Distribution automation (DA)
devices.
POWER LINE CARRIER -
PLC
 Smart Meter measurements and other data can be transmitted
across lines
power the utility
from the meter to a collection point
 Usually the collection point is the distribution Sub- station feeding
the meter
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Power line carrier

Metro Fiber Ring

Architecture

Internet Data
Video
Each site supports multiple
customers
POWER LINE CARRIER -
PLC
ADVANTAGES
 The use of existing utility infrastructure of poles
& wires
 Improved cost effectiveness for rural lines
 More effective in challenging terrain
 The capability to work over long distances.
POWER LINE CARRIER -
PLC
DISADVANTAGES
 Longer data transmit time (more latency)
 Less bandwidth
 Less throughput
 Limited interface with Distribution Automation (DA)
devices
 higher cost in urban and suburban locations.
 GSM / GPRS enabled smart meter modules

 GSM (Global system for mobile communication)based meter data collection modules
available for industrial and transformer metering
 Integrates with various type of meters using serial port
 Built-in remote firmware upgrade(over-the-air upgrade) and remote
diagnostics
GPRS: General packet radio services
Ethernet based data concentrators /
gateways
meter datafor
collection
 Can collect data from up to 500 electricity smart meters in a HAN
(network)
 Can collect data as fast as every 30 minutes
 Local storage for offline mode in case of loss of connectivity
 Connects to the web server via GPRS or Ethernet (LAN
 Built-in remote firmware upgrade(over-the-air upgrade)
connection)
anddiagnosti
remote
cs
 Maintains diagnostics and connectivity information of the
whole PAN
(network)
 Tamper proof with instant SMS to service
engineers
 Built-in battery to transmit data in case of loss
of power
 Cloud enabled MDM software

 Cloud enabled software provides a scalable, secure and highly reliable

smart for
software meter data collection and
 management
Collects data from data concentrator units / gateways and maintains
the consumer
/ meter information
 Hosted on the Google cloud (or equivalent) for 99%
uptime
 Continuous availability of latest data at desired polling
frequency
 Can connect to thousands of DCUs for data collection
 Various alerts as per need over SMS and e-mail
 128-bit SSL encryption for data security
 Analytical capabilities with graphical data visualizations
help in decision making
Repeater
s
 Used for remote / sparsely populated locations
 Can be installed on electricity poles / street lights
 Used to carry data from local networks to far away
locations
METER SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
 Meter maintenance will become a major issue to the service provider.
 The meter will be entirely electronic with an additional communication
devicewhich
board, on has to be monitored
regularly.
 The engineers must possess a very high knowledge about the data
transmission
and
faults
METER SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
Some of the utility organizations that will share in the new maintenance
model are

 Customer Services
 Field Operations
 Distribution
 Information Technology
 Revenue Protection
ADVANTAGE
S
Low cost metering services

 On-demand and scheduled remote meter

reads

 Remotely manageable tariff tables and billing

cycles

 Multi-parameter load profile

ADVANTAGE
S

Distribution system optimization

 Outage detection, isolation and restoration
verification

 Load balancing

 Theft detection
ADVANTAGE
S

Advanced control
 Remote disconnect and reconnect

 Maximum power limiting

 Optional direct load control

 New energy or value-added service with minimal

incremental investment
 Smart meters are 24/7 pulsed microwave radiation
emitting devices with no way to turn the radiation
down or off.
 The mesh network will insure there will be no
escape from the radiation anywhere. If you
opt out
but your neighbor does not, you will still be
exposed to your neighbors radiation.
 This is why we need EVERYONE opting out,
or
need to make them illegal.
 Smart meters have 2, sometimes 3 antennas,
depending.
 Most have 2 One antenna is for the HAN
(home area network), to interface with your
smart appliances.
 The other antenna is the NAN (neighborhood
Area antenna) to interface with your neighbors
smart meters.
 If there is a 3rd antenna in your smart meter, you
are the lucky recipient of the collector meter!!!
You will be receiving ALL of the neighborhoods
pulses, gathering at your home.
 By accessing these signals one can easily hack
the
data
The “green washing of cancer through pulsed
microwave radiation exposure in addition to
more fossil fuel usage”
 PRESS RELEASE
0 208

31 ay 2011

ARC CLASSIF ES RADIOF EQUE CV ELECTRO AG ETC FIELDS AS

POSSIBLY CARC A S

OGE
Lyon, Fra nce , May 31, 2 0 1 1 - The WHO/International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has
classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as pos s· ly c rc·no ge ic to m s {Group
IC TO
28 ), o
based an increased risk for glio ma, a malignant type of brain c a n c e r \
" ire less associated wit h phone use.
Letter from WHO lead scientist...
Robert A Baan PhD
The IARC Monographs
IARC, Lyon, FRANCE

“The IARC Working

Group classified
"Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Fields"
(RF-EMF) as possibly
carcinogenic
to humans
(Group 2B).
The information that formed the main basis for this evaluation was found in epidemiological studies on cell-
phone use, where a slightly increased risk for glioma (a malignant form of brain cancer) and acoustic
neuroma (a non-cancerous type) was reported among heavy users.
There were some indications of increased cancer among radar-maintenance workers (occupational exposure),
but no reliable data from studies among, e.g., people living close to base-station antennas, radio/TV towers,
etc (environmental exposure).
Although the key information came from mobile telephone use, the Working Group considered that the three
types of exposure entail basically the same type of radiation, and decided to make an overall evaluation on
RF- EMF, covering the whole radiofrequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
In support of this, information from studies with experimental animals showed that effects on cancer
incidence
and cancer latency were seen with exposures to different frequencies within the RF region.
So the classification 2B, possibly carcinogenic, holds for all types of radiation within the radiofrequency part
of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the radiation emitted by base-station antennas,
 dministrativ port

IS

,. CITY COUNCIL
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F OM: t ve c lary ant to th ity g

ay 2 2
2
.
• May 29 2012
BJEC : of Urgen y r 1nance Placing a
The very clever “SMART
METERS”
“green GR$
are
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Smart meters will create more fossil fuel usage in
manufacturing and need to be replaced approx.
every 7 years to 10 years. Analog meters LAST
for DECADES. No fossil EXCESS fuel usage AT
ALL.
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thousands of feet to connect “smart meters” to the “smart
grid”attached to lamp posts, telephone poles, etc.
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SOURCE: 1 EE/-AEIC -UTC White Paper - A Discussion of Smart Meters And RF Exposure Issues
 Now let’s look at the
microwave radiation from
“smart meters”…
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THANK YOU
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 METERING COMPARISON

Conventional Metering
Consumer Manual or
Manual
With Reading or Automated

Distribution Network Operators (DNO)

Conventional AMR
Meters Processing

Other Emerging Service Compnies

Database

Smart Metering

Consumer Smart Gate Meter

Energy Suppliers
with
NAN/
way Data
Meter Manag
Home WAN
Area
ement Database
Network
 METERING Trend

Electro- Smart Meter Advance

High
Mechani ing / Two d Smart
cal Way
Metering
Accumul Automatic Meter Reading Communicati
ation (AMR) / One Way on
Medium Meters / AMR
Manual Communication Demand Response
Reading Remote Connect/
Disconnect Support
Low
Smart
Grid
Other Smart Operation
No Metering
Com Application
muni
Prior to Prior to Prior to 2020
cation
1970 2000 2020 Onwards
 Home Area Network (HAN)
It uses
Wired or wireless communication and networking
Security mechanism to protect consumer data and metering system
It provides
Centralised Energy Management by controlling its all integrated components
Services like
scheduling, remote operations of household appliances, Home-based multimedia
applications e.g. Listening to music, Viewing Television, movies through BPL etc.

In House Smart
Display Appliances
Smart Meter
HAN
Micro‐ Other
NAN Smart Meter
Generation Meters
*
*
Neighbourhood Home Area Network
Smart
Area Network
Meter
 Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN)

The Primary function of it is to transfer Consumption reading from Smart Meter

It should facilitate
Diagnostic Messages
Firmware Upgrades
Real Time or non-Real Time messages power system support
The Data Volume generally lies within
for Simple metering < 100
KB /day for Firmware upgrade <
400 KB
varies rapidly with different other functionalities
Communication Technology: Based on volume of Data
transport
e.g. Zigbee (250 or 500 KBPS) may be used
It sends data to the data Concentrator and covers
distribution sub-station area
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

Neighbourhood In House Smart

Display Appliances
Area Network Smart Meter
HAN
Micro‐ Other
NAN Smart Meter
Generation Meters
*
*
Home Area Network
Data
Smart Meter
Concentrator
Meter data management

Energy suppliers
WAN Gatewa
y
Network operators
Other actors
Conventional Information flow of the OMS
Integration of smart metering and the DMS
Microgrid topology with storage technologies
Integration of MicroGrids to DMS through MGCC
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

AMI basically grid+ the communication infrastructure +

supporting information infrastructure.

The functions of AMI can be subdivided into three major categories:

• Market applications:

serve to reduce/eliminate labour, transportation and infrastructure

costs associated with meter reading and maintenance
increase accuracy
allow for time - based rates while reducing bad debts
facilitates informed customer participation for energy
management
 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) cntd..

• Customer applications
serves to increase customer awareness about load reduction,
reduces bad debt, and improves cash flow
enhances customer convenience and satisfaction;
provides demand response and load management to improve system
reliability and performance
• Distribution operations
curtails customer load for grid management
optimizes network based on data collected,
allows for the location of outages and restoration of service,
improves customer satisfaction,
reduces energy losses,
improves performance in event of outage with reduced outage
duration
optimization of the distribution system and distributed
generation management,
provides emergency demand response
AMI: Information Flow
AMI : Utility Benefits
 Demand Response

mechanisms to manage the demand in response to the

supply conditions
 Self-Healing: Centralized Operation

General system architecture for automatic power restoration

Information flow of system monitoring
Typical Distribution with Communication Link
Any Questions ???