Electromagnetic Spectrum: DR Sonali Soumyashree (PT) BPT, MPT (Neurology) Lecturer, GDGU

ELECTROMAGNETIC Dr Sonali
Soumyashree(PT)
SPECTRUM BPT, MPT(Neurology)

Lecturer, GDGU
INTRODUCTION
Maxwell in 1865 predicted electromagnetic waves from theoretical
considerations and their existence was confirmed experimentally by Hertz in
1888.
Hertz experiment found out that an oscillating electric charge radiates
electromagnetic waves and these waves carry energy which is being supplied at
the cost of kinetic energy of the oscillating charge.
the electromagnetic radiation is significant only if the distance to which the
charge oscillates is comparable to the wavelength of radiatio
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
variation in electric and magnetic field vectors perpendicular to each other
leads to the production of electromagnetic disturbances in space.
These disturbances have the properties of wave and can travel in space
even without any material medium.
These waves are called electromagnetic waves.
According to Maxwell, the electromagnetic waves are those waves in which
there are sinusoidal variation of electric and magnetic field vectors at right
angles to each other as well as at right angles to the direction of wave
propagation.
Properties of Electromagnetic
Waves:
•electromagnetic wave should travel
in free space (or vacuum) also.
•electromagnetic wave is transverse
in nature and light is
electromagnetic wave.
•Examples of electromagnetic waves
are radiowaves, microwaves,
infrared rays, light waves,
ultraviolet rays, X-rays and γ-rays.
•In 1888, Hertz confirmed
experimentally the existence of
electromagnetic waves.
• Hertz produced electromagnetic
waves of wavelength about 6 m.
FACTS ABOUT THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. The electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated or oscillated charge.
2. These waves do not require any material medium for propagation.
3. These waves travel in free space with a speed 3 × 108 m/s (i.e. speed of light).
4. The sinusoidal variation in both electric and magnetic field vectors (E and B)
occurs simultaneously. As a result, they attain the maxima and minima at the same
place and at the same time.
5. The directions of variation of electric and magnetic field vectors are perpendicular
to each other as well as perpendicular to the direction of propagation of waves.
Therefore, electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature like light waves.
6. The velocity of electromagnetic waves depends entirely on the
electric and magnetic properties of the medium in which these
waves travel and is independent of the amplitude of the field
vectors.
7. The velocity of electromagnetic waves in dielectric is less than 3
× 108 m/s.
8. The energy in electromagnetic waves is equally divided between
electric and magnetic vectors.
9. The electric vector is responsible for the optical effects of an
electromagnetic wave and is called the light vector.
10. The electromagnetic waves being uncharged are not deflected
by electric and magnetic fields.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
After the experimental discovery of electromagnetic waves by
Hertz, many other electromagnetic waves were discovered by
different ways of excitation.
The orderly distribution of electromagnetic radiations according

to their wavelength or frequency is called electromagnetic
spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum has much wider range with

wavelength variation of ~10-14 m to 6 × 106 m.
Serial Name Wavelength range(m) Frequency Source
No Range(Hz)
1. Gamma rays 6 × 10–14 to 1 × 10 –11
5 × 1022 to 3 × 1019 Nuclear origin
2. X-rays 1 × 10–11 to 3 × 10–8 3 × 1019 to 1 × 1016 Sudden
declaration of
high energy
electrons
3. Ultraviolet rays 6 × 10–10 to 4 × 10–7 5 × 1017 to 8 × 1014 Excitation of

atom, spark and
arc lamp
4. Visible light 4 × 10–7 to 8 × 10–7 8 × 1014 to 4 × 1014 Excitation of

valence electrons
5. Infrared 8 × 10–7 to 3 × 10–5 4 × 1014 to 1 × 1013 Excitation of

atoms and
molecules
6. Heat radiations 10–5 to 10–1 3 × 1013 to 3 × 109 Hot bodies
7. Microwaves 10–3 to 0.3 3 × 1011 to 1 × 109 Oscillating current
in special vacuum
tube
Serial No Name Wavelength Frequency Source
range(m) Range(Hz)
9. Very high 1 to 10 3 × 108 to 3 × Oscillating

radio 107 circuit
frequency
10. Radio 10 to 104 3 × 107 to 3 × Oscillating

frequencies 104 circuit
11. Power 5 × 106 to 6 × 60 to 50 Weak radiations

frequencies 106 from AC circuits
USES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
1. Radio and microwave radiations are used in radio and TV
communication system.
2. Infra-red radiations are used:
a. In revealing the secret writings on the ancient walls.
b. In green houses to keep the plants warm.
c. In war fare, for looking through haze, fog or mist as these
radiations can pass through them.
d. In electrotherapy for the heating of soft tissues.
3. Ultra-violet radiations are used in the detection of invisible writing,
forged documents, finger prints in forensic laboratory and to preserve the
food stuffs. Ultra-violet radiations are used in electrotherapy for the
treatment of various skin conditions.
USES CONTD….
4. X-rays can pass through soft tissues but not through
bones. This property of X-rays is used in medical diag
nosis, after X-ray films are made.
5. Electromagnetic waves of suitable frequencies are used
in medical science for the treatment of various diseases.
6. Super high frequency electromagnetic waves are used in
radar and satellite communication.
THANK YOU

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ELECTROMAGNETIC Dr Sonali

SPECTRUM BPT, MPT(Neurology)

2. These waves do not require any material medium for propagation.

The orderly distribution of electromagnetic radiations according

The electromagnetic spectrum has much wider range with

3. Ultraviolet rays 6 × 10–10 to 4 × 10–7 5 × 1017 to 8 × 1014 Excitation of

4. Visible light 4 × 10–7 to 8 × 10–7 8 × 1014 to 4 × 1014 Excitation of

5. Infrared 8 × 10–7 to 3 × 10–5 4 × 1014 to 1 × 1013 Excitation of

9. Very high 1 to 10 3 × 108 to 3 × Oscillating

10. Radio 10 to 104 3 × 107 to 3 × Oscillating

11. Power 5 × 106 to 6 × 60 to 50 Weak radiations

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