FLUID

DYNAMICS
 FLUID DYNAMICS
Fluid --dynamics
deals with the mechanics of fluids in
deals with fluid flow in motion.
motion.
Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics
- deals with the dynamics of fluids, especially incompressible fluids in
-motion.
deals with the dynamics of fluids, especially
incompressible fluids in motion.
Aerodynamics
- concerned with studying the motiom of air.
Aerodynamics
- concerned with the mechanics of moving air.
 Characteristics of fluid flow
Characteristics of fluid flow
1.1. “laminar”
Laminarororturbulent
Turbulent
2. Fluid dynamics
Streamline Rough flow
Streamline Rough flow
- Smooth flow - Stormy weather
- Smooth flow - Stormy weather

3.2. Compressible
Compressibleor or
“Incompressible”
Incompressible

4.3. Viscous
Viscousoror
“Non-viscous”
Non-viscous

5.4. Rotatinal or Irrotational

Rotational or Irrotational
 Flow rate, R
Amount of effluent coming out from an orifice or
Flow rate, R
opening per unit time.

Mass Flux = Mass/Time

Amount of efficient coming out from an orifice per unit time.
Expressed in kg/sec , slug/sec , gram/sec
Mass Flux = Mass/Time
Kg/sec , Slug/sec , G/sec
Volumetric Flux = volume/time

VolumetricExpressed
Flux = volume/time
in liter/sec , mL/sec, cc/sec,
gallon/min
L/sec , mL/sec, cc/sec, Gal/sec
 R = V = AL = Av
= AL t= Av
R=V t
t
t
If,
Rk R
R = Av
; R = Av R  Av A
v
1
1
V1 = V2 A v
2
R1 = R2 
A1V1 = A2V2 Equation of continuity
A = v
Vol1 = Vol2 R 1 = R2
A = v
A1V1 = A2V2 Equation of continuity
 SAMPLE
SAMPLEPROBLEMS :
PROBLEMS :

1. Figure shows how a stream of H2O emerging from a faucet “necks

1. Figure shows how a stream of H2O emerging from a faucet “necks down” as it
down”
falls. as it falls. The
The cross-sectional cross-sectional
area A0=1.2cm 2
and thatarea A0=1.2cm
of A=.35cm 2
2
and levels
. The two that of
A=0.35cm
are separated2.by
The two levels
a vertical are separated
distance h=45mm. At bywhat
a vertical distance
rate does h=45mm.
water flow from
Attap?
the what
Howrate does
long water
a time flow from
in minutes willthe tap?toHow
it take fill a 4long a time
gallons in minutes
capacity level?
will it take to fill a 4 gallons capacity level?
 ? ?
RR
1 2 1 2
v
 vAv
RR
h  dyh   gtV0 y 
V0 ydy gt
A0
t  Av 2 2
A0
h t
h
2 V 2 gh
2 2
A V
A V  V0 2 gh
20

V  V 2

2 2
V2
2 V
2
1 2 gh
gh
R11  RR22
R 2 1
2
V 2 2  0.2917V
2
V2 2 .2917V2  2  2 gh
2 gh
V11 AA2V2V
A11V 2 2 V 2
 (.2917V )  2(9.81
2
/ sm
V22 2 (.2917V2 ) 2 2 2(9.81m )( 4/ .s5)(
x104.53xm
10)
3
m)
2
AV
AV . 35
. cm
35 cm (V22()V ) .9149
0.9149  2.28829
V22 V  0.m
2
8829/ s m2 / s
V1 
V
2
2
 2 2
1 A0 1.2cm 2 m2 /m
A0 1.2cm VV 
.8829
0 .8829 s 2 /s
V1  .2917V2 2 
2
.9149
0.9149
V1  0.2917V2
V2  .9824m / s
V2  0.9824m / s
 R1  R2
R1  R2
R  A2V2
R  A2 v2
R  .35cm3 (98.24cm / s )
R  0.35cm 2
R  34(.98
384.cm
243 cm
/ s / s)
R  34.384cm 3 / s
3.785L 1000cc
4 galx 3.x785L  15140
1000 cccc
4 galx
1gal 1L x  15140cc
1gal 1L
v
Rv
R t
t
vv
t
t  
R
R
15140cccc
15140
t t
34..384
34 cccc
384 / s/ s
t t 440
440..321
321
ss
or
or
7.34 min
7.34 min
 2.2.
H₂O
H₂Ois pumped steadily
is pumped out ofout
steadily a flooded basement
of a flooded at a speedat
basement ofa5.3 mps of
speed
through
10.0 mpsa uniform hosea ofuniform
through diameterhose9.7mm. The hose passes
of diameter 25 mm. throughout
The hose
the window
passes 2.90m above
throughout thethe H₂O line.
window Howmmuch
2.90 power
above the is2.1supplied
m deepbyH₂O.
the pump?
How much power is supplied by the pump?
P?
P?
VV  5.10
3m.0 / sm / s W Fd Fh
3 3
P   W ; FFd LIFT  W
Fh
LOAD
DD  9.7 x 10
25 x10 m m t P t t   ; FLIFT  WLOAD
h h 2.590 m mgh vgh t t t
m P     ghR
t tmgh Vgh
  1000kg / m 3 3
  1000kg / m P    ghR
t t
P PghRghR
1000kg
R  Av P1000
 kg (9.81m / s 2 2)(2.9m)(3.917 x10  4 m 3 /3s ) 3
R  Av 3 2 P m3
3
(9.81m / s )(5.0m)( 4.909 x10 m / s )
 (9.7 x10 m) (5.3m / s) m kg.m m
R P  11 . 143 
 (25 x104 m) (10.0m / s )
3 2
kg
s 2 .m
sm
R P  240 . 774 
4 m
3
v4 v  3.917m 3 kg.m N .m s 2 J s
R  3.917 x10 ; 2
 2 
s tm t  1s
3 kg.m s N .sm Js
R  4.909 x10 3 
2P  11 .1432watts

s s s s
P  240.774watts
P  0.323horsepower
 BERNOULLI’S
BERNOULLIS’ PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE
Daniel Bernoulli
proposed (Swiss)
by Daniel Bernoulli (Swiss)

F2=P2V2

∆h=h2-h1 F2=P2A2
∆h=h2-h1

F1=P1V1
F1=P1A1 P1  P2
P1  P2
 F  PA
F  F  PA
P F F1  F2
P A F1  F2
A V1  V2
V1  V2
m1  m 2
m1  m 2
m  V
m  V
 ∆W = W₁ – W₂
KE = ½ mV² = ½ ρ VV²
∆KE = KE₂ – KE₁
∆W = W₁ – W₂ PE = mgh = ρVgh
∆PE= PE₂ – PE₁ KE = ½ mV² = ½ ρ VV²
∆KE = KE₂ – KE₁
PE = mgh = ρVgh
∆PE= PE₂ – PE₁
W = Fd
∆W = ∆KE + ∆PE
= PAd
W₁= –FdW₂ = KE₂ – KE1 + PE₂ – PE₁
W ∆W = ∆KE + ∆PE W = PV
= W₁ – W₂ = KE₂ – KE1 + PE₂ – PE₁
PAd
P₁W=
V₁ – PV
P₂ V₂ = ½P V₂ V₂² - ½P₁ V₁ V₁² + P₂V₂ g h₂ - P₁V₁ ₁g
P₁ V₁ – P₂ V₂ = ½ ρ V₂ v₂² - ½ρ V₁ v₁² + ρ V₂ g h₂ - ρ V₁ g h₁
h₁
P₁-P₂ = ½ ρ ( v₂²- v₁² ) + ρg (h₂-h₁)
P₁-P₂ = ½ P ( V₂²- V₁² ) + ρg (h₂-h₁)

Pressure Velocity Elevation

Pressure Velocity Elevation
Head Head Head
Head Head Head
1
P 1V P = V
P V
P = V
P = V
P = V

 TORRICELLI’S
TORRICELLI’S THEOREMTHEOREM
proposedTorricelli
Evangelista by Evangelista Torricelli

P1 = P2
P1 P 1 = P2
P1 V1 = 0
V1 h1 =o
V1 V1 = 0
h1 =0
1 2 1
 ghv2
v2   gh
2
0  0
2 2
1 2
gh  v2 1 2
2 gh  v2
2
2 gh  v2 Freefall

P2
P2
2 gh  v2 Freefall
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A tank :
is filled with water to a height H. A hole is punch in
one of the walls at a depth Y below the water surface. How
1.A tank is filled with water to a height H. A hole is punch in one of the walls
far from
at a depth Y belowthethebase
waterofsurface.
the tankHowwill the water
far from the basestrike.
of the tank will
the water strike.

0
V  2 gy
0 V  2 gy
V  V0
V  V0
V0
V0
V0 x  V0
y  V0 xtV; Vxt0 x; V0
dxdx
H
H
V
V
y 1
H  y  gt 2
2
0
V0 y  0 V0 y  0
dy 2( H  1
y) 2 2
dy
H  y g gt t
dx 2  V
dxdx
dx 0t V0 t
2( H  y )
t  y )  t 2
2( H
2( H  y )
1 g dx  2 gy  2( H  y)
dy  V0 y 1 gt 2 2 g dx  2 gy g
dy  V0 y  2 gt g
dy  H  y2 2( H  y ) dx  4 y ( H  y )
t dx  4 y(H  y)
dy  H  y g dx  2 y ( H  y )
dx  2 y ( H  y )
2. Gasoline leaks out on the hole ½ inch in diameter at the buttom of the
2.tank
Gasoline leaks
at the rate of 10 out on How
gal/min. the high
holeis ½ inchininthediameter
gasoline tank. at
the =bottom
ρgasoline 0.68 g/cc of the tank at the rate of 10 gal/min.
How high is the gasoline in the tank.

Ans. 1.26 meters

Reynolds Number, (NR)
Determines the nature of flow.

NR=ρDv a unitess quantity

η
Laminar vs. turbulent
NR ≤ 2000 laminar
NR > 3000 turbulent

2000 < Nr < 3000 shifting

Sample problem
1. Calculate the greatest speed at which blood at 37 oC can
flow through an artery of diameter 3.8 mm, if the flow is to
remain laminar.
ηblood= 4x10-3 poiseuille, ρblood=1.06g/cc

NR = 2000
vmAX=?
ρ= 1060kg/m3
D= 3.8x10-3m
ηblood= 4x10-3 Pa-s

Vmax = NR(η) = _2000(4x10-3Pa-s)__ = 1.99m/s

ρD (1060kg/m3)(3.8x10-3m)
2.)A Newtonian fluid with a dynamic or absolute
viscosity of 0.38 Ns/m2 and a specific gravity of 0.91
flows through a 25 mm diameter pipe with a velocity
of 2.6 m/s. Compute for reynold’s number.
Sol’n
NR = ρDv
η
= (910 kg/m3) (25 x 10-3 m) (2.6 m/s)
(0.38 Ns/m2)
= 156 (kgm/s2)/N
= 156 ~ Laminar flow
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
internal resistance to fluid flow.

proposed by Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille

coefficient of viscosity, ή (eta)

ή ≈ more viscous

ViscosityLiquid 1α temperature

ή 1 Pa · sec 1 Pl (poiseuille)
10 poise 1000 centripoise (cp)

VisocityGases α temperature

ήGases ≈ T
 SAE
SAE Society
Society of Automotive
of Automotive Engineers
Engineer

SAE# 10
SAE # 10 – less
– less viscous
viscous
SAE# 20
SAE # 20
SAE# 30
SAE # 30 – highly
– high viscous
viscous

VV
FF
ήή A
A
SS

F FααAA F F1 1 S S F = Force S = thickness

F Fααή ή
α
F = Force
A = Area V S= =speed
thickness
/ velocity
F FαααVV ήA = Area viscosity
= coefficient V = speed / velocity
ή = coefficient viscosity

Fs N m
 Fs N m Pa · sec
Av
Av m 2 m / s
2
Pa · sec
m m/s
POISUILLE’S
POISUILLE EQUATION : PRINCIPLE :
V
R  Av
t
The principle that the volume of a homogeneous
fluid passing per unit time through a capillary tube
is directly proportional to the pressure difference
between its ends and to the fourth power of its
internal radius, and inversely proportional to its
length and to the viscosity of the fluid.

1
R L RD

1 Rp
R 

r 2 p
R
8L
POISUILLE’S
POISUILLE EQUATIONEQUATION
: :

V V
R R  Av  Av
t t

1 R
1
L RD
R L 
 Rp
R
1

 RD Rp
1 r 2 p
R  R
 8L
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS :
1. A grease nipple on a car has a hole 0.5mm in diameter and
5mm
1.A long,
grease if on
nipple the viscosity
a car has a holeof the in
0.5mm grease is and
diameter 80Pl,
5mm find
long,the
if the viscosity of
the grease is 80Pl. Find the pressure needed to force 1cc of grease to the nipple in 10sec.
pressure needed to force 1cc of grease to the nipple in 10sec.
How many times atmospheric pressure is this?
How many times atmospheric pressure is this?
p  ?
Vp1cc
? v 1cc 1m 3 7 3
R  x  1x10 m /s
Vt 10
1cc
sec t v10 sec 11cc 6
x10 cc 1m 3
t L10
5mm
sec R  x  1x107 m 3 / s
D  .5mm
L  5mm t 10 sec 1x106 cc
  80 Pa  s
D  .5mm
p 2.61x10 7 Pa
  80 Pa  s X  p 2.61x103 7 Pa/ 1atm  257.651atm
8 RL X Patm 1.013x10 Pa / 1atm  257.651atm
p  Patm 1.013x10 Pa 3
r 4
8(1x107 m 3 / s)(80 N / m 2  s)(5 x103 m)
p  8 RL(.25x103 m) 4 8(1x107 m3 / s)(80 N / m 2  s)(5 x103 m)
p  p 
r.88Pa
p  26075945
4
 (.25 x103 m) 4
p  2.61x107 Pa p  26075945.88Pa
p  2.61x107 Pa
1. Castor oil which has a density of 0.96g/cc is forced through a pipe of
2.circular
Castor oil which
cross-section hasthata maintains
by a pump densitya pressure
of 0.96g/cc
differentialis
of forced
950Pa. The pipe has a diameter of 2.6cm and length of 65cm. The oil
through a pipe of circular cross-section by a pump
emerging from the end of the pipe is collected. After 1 ½ min a total of
that
1.23kgmaintains a pressure
has been collected. differential
What is the coefficient of viscosityof 950Pa. The
of oil?

pipe has a diameter of 2.6cm and length of 65cm.

The oil emerging from the end of the pipe is
collected. After 1 ½ min a total of 1.23kg has been
collected. What is the coefficient of viscosity of oil?
Sol’n
1. Castor oil which has a density of 0.96g/cc is forced through a pipe of
circular cross-section by a pump that maintains a pressure differential of
ρ= 960kg/m
950Pa. The pipe has t = 30s
3 a diameter of 2.6cm and length of 65cm. The oil

emerging from the end of the

P=950Pa m=pipe is collected. After 1 ½ min a total of
1.23kg
1.23kg has been collected. What is the coefficient of viscosity of oil?
d=2.6x10 m -2
N =?
L=65x10-2m
Q= V = m
t ρt
πr4Pρt = m η= ∆Pπr4tρ
8ηL 8mL

η = (950Pa)π(1.3x10-2m)4 (30s)(960kg/m3)
8(1.23kg)(65x10-2m)

ηoil= 1.51x1015Pa-s