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Binary Representation - Shortcuts

- Negation in binary is accomplished by adding 1 to the complement of a number. -x = x + 1. - Sign extension adds leading 1s or 0s to a number to maintain its sign when increasing the number of bits. This is useful for binary to decimal conversion using 2's complement. - To convert a negative binary number to decimal using 2's complement, change the sign by taking the complement and flipping the bits. The pattern of 1s and 0s at the right end indicates the sign. - Binary multiplication by 2 simply shifts bits to the left. Binary division by 2 discards the least significant bit. Multiples of 4 end in two trailing 0s.

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50 views6 pages

Binary Representation - Shortcuts

- Negation in binary is accomplished by adding 1 to the complement of a number. -x = x + 1. - Sign extension adds leading 1s or 0s to a number to maintain its sign when increasing the number of bits. This is useful for binary to decimal conversion using 2's complement. - To convert a negative binary number to decimal using 2's complement, change the sign by taking the complement and flipping the bits. The pattern of 1s and 0s at the right end indicates the sign. - Binary multiplication by 2 simply shifts bits to the left. Binary division by 2 discards the least significant bit. Multiples of 4 end in two trailing 0s.

Uploaded by

Aashray B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Binary Representation - Shortcuts

 Negation
x + x = 1111…1111two = -1 (in 2’s complement)
Therefore, -x = x + 1

 Sign Extension
o Positive numbers : easy
o Negative numbers (2’s complement):
- 4 in 4 bits : 1100
- 4 in 5 bits : 11100
Why is this useful?
1. Actual sign extension
2. Binary to decimal conversion (2’s complement)
-- can forget about leading 1’s
e.g. 1111 1110two = 110two = -2ten
Negative Binary to Decimal

 Change sign (2’s compliment)


1111 1111 1011 0100two
= - 0000 0000 0100 1100two
= - 76

Changing sign
What pattern appears at the right end ?
1 followed by some (or no) 0’s

o Trick: retain that pattern and flip everything to the left of it

e.g. - 1111 1100 0000 0000


= 0000 0100 0000 0000
A Feel for Base 2

 What is multiplication by 2 ?
5 x 2 = 10ten
101two x 2 = ?
(can you use this in efficiently solving 4.11?)

 What is division by 2, ignoring any remainder?


0000 0101two / 2 = ?
1110 0010two / 2 = ?

 What does a multiple of 4 look like?


4 = 0000 0100
24 = 0001 1000
60 = 0011 1100
All end in 2 zeros. Why?
“Translate Binary to Hexadecimal”

 Binary and Hex are two different representations


 Can convert from one to the other treating numbers as a series of bits
 Need not worry about signed/unsigned, 2’s complement, 1’s
complement, etc

 Make groups of 4 bits, starting from the right


 Add 0’s to the left if necessary (do not sign extend)
 Translate each group of 4 bits to hex individually

e.g. 01110000100101two
= 0001 1100 0010 0101two
= 1c25hex
“Bits have no inherent meaning”

 “Value” of a binary number depends on how you look at it


 e.g. consider the 4 bit number 1110two

 unsigned : 14
 signed : ??? (can assume 2’s complement)
 2’s complement : - (0010two) = -2
 1’s complement : - (0001two) = -1
 sign and magnitude : - (110two) = -6
Overflow and Underflow

 Assume 4 bit numbers in 2’s complement form


 Range : - 23 to (23 - 1), or - 8 to 7
 7 + 5 = 12 ……… cannot represent 12 using 4 bits (signed) !

 What happens in binary addition ?


0111(7) + 0101(5) = 1100(-4)
The number “appears” to be negative because it is out of range

 Similarly, 7 - (-5) = 12 ……. out of range


 Underflow: (-7) + (-5) = -12 ……. negative number out of range
 Remember : overflow/underflow can occur only when
1. Numbers of same sign are added
2. Numbers of opposite signs are subtracted

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