SEISMIC DESIGN TO EC8
Module 1
ISAAC FUNDI, Ph.D
&
ABDI FATAH JAMA
1
Outline
Seismic action:
Loading
Stress development
Forces at storey levels
Module 1
Sub-frame analysis: Design of structural
Induced bending elements:
moment and • Elastic design
shear force (beams & columns)
2
Introduction
Earthquake motion at a given point on
Earthquake cause ground motions in random
surface is represented by an elastic
fashion, both horizontally and vertically. ground acceleration response
spectrum.
Dynamic force comparison
Earthquake Wind load
Stability Strength Serviceability Ground motion is Reversal of load
• Building as a • Resist • Min functional cyclic around occurs over large
whole to earthquake requirements neutral position duration
resist without failure for evacuation
moderate Max forces Max force reached
earthquake measured in terms in average of days
of years (return
period)
3
Seismic structural systems (cl. 5.2.2)
During an earthquake of given intensity, the magnitude of forces induced on a
structure depends on: (i) Damping mechanism,
(ii) Ductility and
(iii) Energy dissipation capacity of the structure.
Lateral load
resisting systems
Moment resisting Bearing wall system Building frame system Dual system
space frame Steel braced steel
Bearing wall
Light framed wall
Shear wall
SMRF MMRWF IMRF OMRF SRMF
4
Construction techniques to
improve earthquake
resistance
Existence of clear and direct paths for
Structural simplicity
the transmission of seismic forces
Uniformity in plan is guided by even distribution
Uniformity, symmetry
of structural elements, thus increasing
and redundancy redundancy and redistribution of action effects
Building should resist horizontal actions in
Bi-directional resistance
any direction. However, it should limit
and stiffness development of excessive displacement.
Design and construction of foundation and its
connection to superstructure to ensure whole
Adequate foundation
building is subjected to uniform seismic excitation
(use foundation slab or tie beams)
5
Seismic vibration control
Passive seismic control Active seismic control Hybrid seismic control
Don’t require any additional Provides protection by Combines both features of
energy source to operate. imposing forces on a structure active and passive seismic
Activated by earthquake that counterbalance the control systems.
input motion only. earthquake induced forces.
Examples: Rely on motion sensors and
• Energy dissipation devices feedback mechanisms.
• Base isolation techniques
• Dynamic oscillators
6
Terms and abbreviations
DCL – Ductility class low
DCM – Ductility class medium Possibility of a structure to dissipate the
DCH – Ductility class high energy that dynamic action transmit to it
agr – refence peak ground acceleration (valued determined from National
annexures
SeT – Elastic ground acceleration response spectrum
Ct depends on the type
T – Natural period
moment resisting frame
Fb – Base shear force
7
Seismic actions
Seismic intensity
† Energy dissipation capacity Building importance (Table 4.3) Ground type (cl. 3.1.2)
† Ductility classes (cl. 5.2.1) Reliability differentiation divides • Type of deposit
DCL building into four depending on: • Average shear wave velocity
DCM Size of building • Depth of layers
DCH Its value
Anchored on Importance to public
reference peak Probability of human loss
ground acceleration
Seismic zone
1 0.0
2 0.7
3 1.1 Parameters of seismic resistance
44 1.6
1.6
8
Methods of analysis (cl.
4.3.3)
Analysis method Criteria Also
Lateral force analysis Regular in plan and elevation
Regular in elevation and irregular in plan characterized as
Fundamental period: equivalent static
analysis
Height of building: H < 10m
Response spectrum Regular in plan and irregular in elevation
It considers lumped masses that
modal
Response spectrum Irregularininplan
Regular planand
andirregular
elevationin elevation
are proportional to weight of
modal Fundamental
Irregular period:
in plan and Not
elevation special
structure and displacement
requirements
Fundamental period: Not special
Non-linear High irregular structures
requirements
Regularity criteria defined
Non-linear High irregular structures
in cl. 4.2.3.2 & cl. 4.2.3.3
9
Analysis methods cont’d
If building height is > 10m ,
apply seismic actions in the Building structural characteristics
relevant horizontal direction
(cl. 4.3.3.1(11P)
Linear elastic analysis Non-linear method
Lateral force Modal response Non-linear static Non-linear time
method spectrum (cl. 4.3.3.3) (pushover)- cl. 4.3.3.4.2 history (dynamic)
Applied in plastic analysis assuming post-yield stress
Pushover is applied under constant conditions of constant
Path followed gravity loads
Dynamic is applied in post-elastic unloading-reloading cycles
10
Elastic response spectrum
Horizontal elastic response Defined by eqn. 3.2 – 3.5
Ground motions are spectrum (cl. 3.2.2.2)
governed by two elastic Types of spectra
spectrum Vertical elastic response
spectrum (cl. 3.2.2.3)
Type 2
Type 1
Shape of elastic Surface
response
Branches of spectral shape
wave
spectrum
i. Very low period magnitude
Strong <5.5
ii. Constant acceleration
earthquake
iii. Constant velocity
iv. Constant displacement Table 3.3
Pick parameters TB, TC,
TD and S (Table 3.2)
11
Lateral force method (cl.
4.3.3.2)
𝑇 0.75 Height up to 40m, alternative 𝑇
1 =2 √ 𝑑
Natural period, T 1 =𝐶 𝑡 𝐻
Design spectrum is determined in accordance with the elastic spectrum
parameters: Equation 3.2 to 3.5
Base shear force (cl. 4.3.3.2.2)
𝐹 =𝑆𝑑 ( 𝑇 1 ) 𝑚 𝜆
𝑏
Lateral distribution of base shear (cl. 4.3.3.2.3)
Forces distributed along the height of the building. 𝑧 𝑖 𝑚𝑖
𝐹𝑖 =𝐹 𝑏
Shear force depends on the mass at that level and ∑ 𝑧 𝑗𝑚 𝑗
deformed mode shape.
12
Example
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