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    Petroleum Refining Technology: Hydrocracking

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    Nana Tweneboah
    This document discusses hydrocracking, which is a process that converts heavy fuel oil into products like naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. It involves catalytic cracking reactions under high heat and pressure with hydrogen. The document outlines the hydrocracking process, including feed preparation, catalysts used, reaction types, and variables that impact conversion. The advantages are improved fuel yields and quality, while disadvantages include high costs and risk of explosions due to temperature control issues.

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    Petroleum Refining Technology: Hydrocracking

    Uploaded by

    Nana Tweneboah
    76 views13 pages
    This document discusses hydrocracking, which is a process that converts heavy fuel oil into products like naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. It involves catalytic cracking reactions under high heat and pressure with hydrogen. The document outlines the hydrocracking process, including feed preparation, catalysts used, reaction types, and variables that impact conversion. The advantages are improved fuel yields and quality, while disadvantages include high costs and risk of explosions due to temperature control issues.

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    Hydrocracking

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    This document discusses hydrocracking, which is a process that converts heavy fuel oil into products like naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. It involves catalytic cracking reactions under high heat and pressure with hydrogen. The document outlines the hydrocracking process, including feed preparation, catalysts used, reaction types, and variables that impact conversion. The advantages are improved fuel yields and quality, while disadvantages include high costs and risk of explosions due to temperature control issues.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    76 views13 pages

    Petroleum Refining Technology: Hydrocracking

    Uploaded by

    Nana Tweneboah
    This document discusses hydrocracking, which is a process that converts heavy fuel oil into products like naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. It involves catalytic cracking reactions under high heat and pressure with hydrogen. The document outlines the hydrocracking process, including feed preparation, catalysts used, reaction types, and variables that impact conversion. The advantages are improved fuel yields and quality, while disadvantages include high costs and risk of explosions due to temperature control issues.

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    PETROLEUM REFINING

    TECHNOLOGY

    HYDROCRACKING
    Group 11
    Kumi George
    Kpodo Kisseih Victor
    Kaku Joel Akrowey
    Kudamo Joel
    Kpeli Joseph
    Kenney Hastens
    CONTENT
    Hydrocracking
    Hydrocracking Reactions
    Process Description
    Types of Hydrocracking Processes
    Feed Preparation
    Hydrocracking Catalyst
    Process Variables
    Advantages of Hydrocracking
    Disadvantages of Hydrocracking
    HYDROCRACKING
    • The process of converting heavy fuel oil components into naphtha,
    kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil or high-quality lubricating oils, through
    catalytic reactions under high temperatures and high- pressure
    hydrogen atmosphere
    • Hydrocracking was commercially developed by I.G. Farben industries
    in 1927 for converting lignite into gasoline
    • Hydrocracking operation is of two types:
    • Those that operate on distilled feed (hydrocracking)
    • Those which operate process residual materials (hydroprocessing)
    Reasons for the use of hydrocracking
    • High demand for jet fuel and gasoline

    • Low cost of hydrogen which is a by product

    • It is Environmentally friendly
    Hydrocracking Reactions

    • The mechanism of hydrocracking is that of catalytic cracking with hydrogenation


    superimposed.
    • Catalytic cracking is the scission of a carbon-carbon single bond, and
    hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond
    • Cracking provides olefins for hydrogenation whilst hydrogen provides heat for
    cracking

    • The cracking reaction is endothermic and the hydrogenation reaction is


    exothermic
    • Reaction temperatures are between 290 to 400 ⁰C and reaction pressures are
    between 1200 to 2000 psig.
    Process description
    Feedstock and their product
    feed product

    Kerosene naphtha

    Straight run diesel Naphtha and jet oil

    Atmospheric gasoline Naphtha, jet fuel and diesel

    Vacuum gas oil Naphtha, jet fuel, diesel, lube oil


    Types of hydrocracking processes
    The flow schemes for the reaction system are categorized into:

    1) Single-stage reaction system


    it is used to produce kerosene and diesel oil economically
    The single stage is categorised into
    • complete conversion system by recirculating the unconverted oil
    • And the one-through system that partially convert the oil without
    recirculation
    2) two-stage reaction system
    This is used for cracking the feedstock oil completely and increasing the
    yield of middle distillate oils
    Feed preparation
    • Feedstock is hydrotreated to saturate the olefins and remove sulphur,
    nitrogen and oxygen compounds.
    • These compounds or elements poison the hydrocracking catalyst
    • Nitrogen and sulphur compounds are removed by conversion to
    ammonia and hydrogen sulphide
    • Metallic compounds are also removed
    • The water content is reduced to 25 ppm to prevent collapsing of the
    crystalline structure of the catalyst
    Hydrocracking catalyst
    • The composition of the catalyst depends on the process, feed material
    and products desired
    • Most catalyst usually consist of a crystalline mixture of silica-alumina
    with a small uniformly distributed amount of rare earths contained in
    the crystalline lattice
    • The silica-alumina portion provides cracking activity while the rare-
    earth metals promote hydrogenation
    • Commonly used metals include; platinum, palladium, tungsten and
    nickel
    Process Variables
    The degree of conversion of the feed to lighter products in
    hydrocracking reactions is dependent on:
    Reactor temperature
    Reactor pressure
    Space velocity
    Nitrogen content
    Hydrogen sulfide
    Heavy Polynuclear Aromatics (HPNA)
    Advantages of hydrocracking
    • Better balance of gasoline and distillate production

    • Greater gasoline yield

    • Improved gasoline pool octane quality and sensitivity

    • Production of relatively high amounts of isobutene in the butane


    fraction
    • Supplementing of fluid catalytic cracking to upgrade heavy cracking
    stocks, aromatics, cycle oils and coker oils to gasoline jet fuels and
    light fuels.
    Disadvantages of Hydrocracking
    • Loss of control of temperature leads to explosion of the reaction
    section
    • High initial cost
    • Requires the use of complex technology
    • Requires high hydrogen pressure

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