Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 7
Energy Equation
Dr. Ahmad Sakhrieh
American University of Ras Al Khaimah
Introduction
This chapter focuses on Conservation of Energy and its
application to Control Volume Approach.

Objectives:
•Explain the meaning of energy, work, and power.
•Describe various type of head terms (pressure head, pump head,
velocity head, turbine head, etc.
•Explain the meaning of pump, turbine, efficiency, and head loss.
•List the steps used to derive the energy equation
•Apply the energy equation to predict variables such as pressure drop
and head loss.
•Apply the power equation to find the power required for a pump or
power supplied by a turbine.
•Sketch an Energy Grade Line (EGL) or a Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
and explain the trends.

2
 Energy Equations Derivation
First Law of Thermodynamics
dE  
 Q W For System
dt
 Net rate of work 
 Rate of change of   Net rate of heat   
 
  
  done by the system 
energy of the system  entering the system  on environment 
 

dBsys d  
dt
 
dt CV
bd   bV  dA
CS
B=E b=E/M=e

d  E  sys d  
dt
 
dt CV
( e )d   ( e )V  dA
CS
3
 Energy Equations Derivation
e = ek + ep + u
where
ek = (MV2/2)/M=V2/2 ; ep=Mgz/M=gz ; u=U/M
  d V 2  V 2   
Q W   
dt CV  2
 gz  u  d   
 CS 
2
 gz  u  V  dA

(A)

Shaft and Flow Work

Work = flow work +shaft work

Each work term involves force acting over a distance.

When this force is associated with a pressure distribution, then the work is
called flow work.
Shaft work is any work that is not associated with a pressure force.
Shaft work is usually done through a shaft and is commonly associated with
a pump or turbine.
According to the sign convention for work, pump work is negative. Similarly,
turbine work is positive. 4
 Energy
 
Equations
 
Derivation

Wshaft  WTurbine  WPump  WT  WP

Flow Work
The fluid that is inside the
control volume will push on the
fluid that is outside of the control
volume. The magnitude of the pushing force is p2A2. During a time interval
Δt, the displacement of the fluid is of the fluid at section 2  2 = V2Δt.
Thus, the amount of work is
W2  F2  2  p 2 A2 V2 t 
 W2 p2   p 
W 2  lim  p 2 A2V2   V2 A2   m 2 
t 0 t    
This work is positive because the fluid inside the control volume is doing
work on the environment.
In a similar manner, the flow work at section 1 is negative and is given by
   p 
W 1   m 1 
   5
 Energy Equations Derivation
Thus, the net flow work is:
  p 2    p1 

W flow  m   m 
     
The previous equation can be generalized to a situation involving multiple
streams of fluid passing across a control surface:
 p
    p 
W flow   m out    m in 
CSo    CSi   
To develop a general form of flow work, use integrals to account for velocity
and pressure variation across the control surface. Also, use the dot product
to account for flow direction. Thus, the general equation for flow work is
  p  
W flow      V .d A
CS 

In summary, the total work
     p     (B)
W  W flow  W shaft       V .d A   W shaft
 CS    6
 Energy Equations Derivation
Sub (B) into (A)
   p     d V 2  V 2   
Q       V .d A   W S     gz  u  d     gz  u  V  dA
 CS    dt CV  2  CS
2 
Where S denotes shaft
 d V 2   p V2   
Q W S   
dt CV  2
 gz  u  d    
 CS 
 2
 gz  u  V  dA

(C)

 d V 2
   V2   
Q W S   
dt CV  2
 gz  u  d    h 
 CS 
2
 gz  V  dA

where: h  u 
p

If the flow crossing the control surface occurs through a series of inlet and outlet
ports and if the velocity V is uniformly distributed across each port, then a simplified
form of the the energy equation is expressed as:

 d V 2   Vo2   Vi 2 
Q W S   
  gz  u  d   m ho 
   gz o    m hi 
   gz i 
dt CV  2  CSo  2  CSi  2  7
 Energy Equations: Pipe Flow
Go to Eqn. (C) and assume steady state and apply it along a pipe between
1 and 2
   p1  V13  p2  V23
Q  W S     u1  gz1  V1 dA1   dA1     u 2  gz 2  V2 dA2   dA2
A1
  A1
2 A 2
  A2
2
If temperature is also assumed constant across each section, then (p/ρ +
gz + u) can be taken outside the integral to yield
   p1  V13
Q  W S    u1  gz1   V1dA1   dA1
  A1 A1
2
 p2  V23
   u2  gz2   V2 dA2   dA2
   A2 A2
2

Note,
  
m    V .d A  V A  VA
A where  is KE correction factor. It is  1
for turbulnet flow and 2 for laminar flow
V 3  V A 
3
3
A2 2 dA1    2  1 V 
1
     dA
  A AV  8
 Energy Equations: Pipe Flow
 p  V
2
  p V
2

Q W S  m 1
 u1   1
1 
 gz1  m 2
 u2   2
2
 gz2 
 2    2 
   
  2 2
Q W S p  V 1  p2  V2
  1  u1  gz1    1    u 2  gz 2    2
  2  

m   2
  
WS  WT  WP
  
 u  u1  Q
2 2
WP p1 V WT p
1 V 2
  z1   1    2  z2   2  2  

mg  2g m g  2g g mg

p1 p2
2   u
2
 u 


V V Q
 ht   2   
1 2
 z1   1  h p   z2   2 1 Head loss
 2g  2g  g m g 

2 2
p1 V p 1 V 2
 z1   1  h p  2  z 2   2  ht  hL
 2g  2g
9
 Energy Equations Derivation
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
 z1   1  h p   z2   2  ht  hL
 2g  2g

 Head carried by   Head added   Head carried by   Head exracted  head loss due 
     
the flow into CV  by pump(s)  the flow out of CV  by turbine(s)  to viscous effects 

Power Equation
The power of the pump and turbine can be calculated from the
head as follows:
   
W p  m gh p  Qh p W t  m ght  Qht
In general,

P  m gh  Qh
Energy Sought

Energy Cost
10
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
Hydraulic grade line (HGL) and the energy grade line (EGL) are graphical
representations that show head in a system. This visual approach provides
insights and helps one to locate and correct trouble spots in the system
(usually points of low pressure).
The EGL is a line that indicates the total head at each location in a system
(see the figure)
EGL  Total Head  Velcity Head    Pressure Head    Eleveation head 
2
V p
EGL    z
2g 
Notice that total head, which characterizes the energy that is carried by a
flowing fluid, is the sum of velocity head, the pressure head, and the
elevation head.
The HGL is a line that indicates the piezometric head at each location in a
system (see the figure):
HGL  Peizometric Head   Pressure Head    Eleveation head 
p
HGL   z
 11
Tips for Drawing HGLs and EGLs
1. In a lake or reservoir, the HGL and EGL will coincide with the liquid
surface. Also, both the HGL and EGL will indicate piezometric head. For
example, see Fig. 7.7.
2. A pump causes an abrupt rise in the EGL and HGL by adding energy to
the flow. For example, see Fig. 7.8.
3. For steady flow in a Pipe of constant diameter and wall roughness, the
slope (ΔhL/ Δ L) of the EGL and the HGL will be constant. For example,
see Fig. 7.7
4. Locate the HGL below the EGL by a distance of the velocity head
(αV2/2g).
5. Height of EGL decreases in the flow direction unless a pump is present.
6. A turbine causes an abrupt drop in the EGL and HGL by removing
energy from the flow. For example, see Fig. 7.9.
7. Power generated by a turbine can be increased by using a gradual
expansion at the turbine outlet. As shown in Fig. 7.9, the expansion
converts kinetic energy to pressure. If the outlet to a reservoir is an abrupt
expansion, as in Fig. 7.11, this kinetic energy is lost.

12
Tips for Drawing HGLs and EGLs
8. When a pipe discharges into the atmosphere the HGL is coincident with
the system because p/γ = 0 at these points. For example, in Figures 7.12,
the HGL in the liquid jet is drawn through the jet itself.
9. When a flow passage changes diameter, the distance between the
EGL and the HGL will change (see Fig. 7.10 and Fig. 7.11) because
velocity changes.
In addition, the slope on the EGL will change because the head loss per
length will be larger in the conduit with the larger velocity (see Fig. 7.11).
10. If the HGL falls below the pipe, then p/γ is negative, indicating
subatmospheric pressure (see Fig. 7.12) and a potential location of
cavitation.

13
Example
For the system shown,
a. What is the flow direction?
b. What kind of machine is at A?
c. Do you think both pipes, AB and CA, are the same diameter?
d. Sketch in the EGL for the system.
e. Is there a vacuum at any point or region of the pipes? If so, identify the
location.

14
Example
The HGL and the EGL are as shown for a certain flow system.
a. Is flow from A to E or from E to A?
b. Does it appear that a reservoir exists in the system?
c. Does the pipe at E have a uniform or a variable diameter?
d. Is there a pump in the system?
e. Sketch the physical setup that could yield the conditions shown
between C and D.
f. Is anything else revealed by the sketch?

15
Example
The HGL and the EGL for a pipeline are shown in the figure.
a. Indicate which is the HGL and which is the EGL.
b. Are all pipes the same size? If not, which is the smallest?
c. Is there any region in the pipes where the pressure is below
atmospheric pressure? If so, where?
d. Where is the point of maximum pressure in the system?
e. Where is the point of
minimum pressure in the
system?
f. What do you think is
located at the end of the
pipe at point E?
g. Is the pressure in the air
in the tank above or below
atmospheric pressure?
h. What do you think is
located at point B?

16