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Swami Vivekananda Institute of Modern Science: Topic - Sylow Group (Abstract Algebra)

This document summarizes key concepts related to Sylow groups from abstract algebra, including: 1) Defining groups and their properties such as order, identity, inverse, and commutativity. 2) Defining Sylow groups as subgroups of prime power order and discussing Sylow's lemmas about their existence and properties. 3) Covering theorems about the number of Sylow p-subgroups in a group and their relationship to normal subgroups. 4) Discussing properties of groups of order pq for prime numbers p and q, including being cyclic or having a normal subgroup. References are provided from contemporary abstract algebra textbooks.

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Sohom majumder
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162 views14 pages

Swami Vivekananda Institute of Modern Science: Topic - Sylow Group (Abstract Algebra)

This document summarizes key concepts related to Sylow groups from abstract algebra, including: 1) Defining groups and their properties such as order, identity, inverse, and commutativity. 2) Defining Sylow groups as subgroups of prime power order and discussing Sylow's lemmas about their existence and properties. 3) Covering theorems about the number of Sylow p-subgroups in a group and their relationship to normal subgroups. 4) Discussing properties of groups of order pq for prime numbers p and q, including being cyclic or having a normal subgroup. References are provided from contemporary abstract algebra textbooks.

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Sohom majumder
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SWAMI VIVEKANANDA

INSTITUTE OF MODERN SCIENCE

TOPIC – SYLOW GROUP


(ABSTRACT ALGEBRA)
NAME – SOHOM MAJUMDER
ROLL NO. – 26499118002
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED
MATHEMATICS

SUBMITTED TO
Prof Ashish Acharya
Prof Sumali Roy
CONTENTS
• Defining Group and it’s properties
• Order of a group and order of it’s elements
• Sylow group lemma
• Defining sylow group and it’s meaning
• Theorem 1
• Cauchy’s theorem
• Sylow p-subgroup and conjugate groups
• Theorem 2
• Theorem 3
• Cyclic , simple,normal groups of order pq
• References
Defining Group
A group is a set G and a binary operation ⋅  such that
1`) For all x,y∈G,  x⋅y∈G  (closure)
2) There exists an identity element 1∈G with x⋅1=1⋅x=1 for
all x∈G (identity)
3) For all x,y,z∈G we have (xy)z=x(yz) (associativity)
4) For all x∈G there exists an element   with 
(inverse)
If we only have closure and associativity, then we
call G a semigroup. If we have closure, associativity and
an identity element, we call G a monoid.
If xy=yx for some x,y∈G then we say x,y commute (or
are commutative, or permutable). If xy=yx for
all x,y∈G then we say G is abelian (or commutative).
Order of a Group and element
The order of a group G  is the cardinality (i.e., size, or number of
elements) of G as a set. it is denoted as |G|
• Example – consider U(10) i.e it is the set of all elements positive
integers less than 10 and relatively prime to 10. U(10) is a group under
multiplication modulo 10
• Therefore U(10) = {1,3,7,9} under multiplication modulo 10
has order 4
U(15) = (1,2,4,7,8,11,13,14} under multiplication
modulo 15 has order 8
The order of an element g in a group G is the smallest positive integer n
such that (In addtive notation gn = 0). The order of an element
is denoted by |g|
• Example – consider element &, then we compute the sequence

So order of the element 7 is 4 i.e |7| =4.


Similarly |11| =2, |13| = 4, |4| =8
Sylow Groups

• lemma - Let A be an abelian group. If p is a prime factor


of |A| then A contains at least one element of order p
Explanation – Let the order of the group A be 4 i.e |A| = 4
under multiplication modulo 10
so A ={1,3,7,9}
4 =2*2 i.e prime factor of 4 is 2
therefore A has at least one element whose order is 2
i.e for example 9 ,

Thus A contains at least one element of order p i.e here A contains


9 which has order 2
If |A| = 8 under multiplication modulo 15 then A contains element 11
Which has order 2 (prime factor of 8 is 2)
Definition of Sylow group and it’s
meaning
• If the order of a group G is divisible by   but by
no higher power of p for some prime p then any
subgroup of G of order    is called a Sylow
group corresponding to p.
• Example- the elements of group A of order 8 under multiplication modulo 15
are {1,2,4,7,8,11,13,14}
so |A| = 8 and 8 is divisible by ,where 2 is the prime factor of
8,but 8 is not divisible by any higher power of 2 other than 3,then by
definition
any subgroup of A of order is called Sylow group corresponding
to p. Here the subset {1,2,4,7,8,11,13,14} is the required
subgroup of A which is a sylow group.
Theorem 1
• Let G be a finite group and let p be a prime.
If divides |G| , then G has at least one
subgroup of order .

• Example 1-
The theorem is immediate if |G| = 2 since the order 2 is divisible by
prime 2 and given any multiplication or addition modulo the element
1 is always present and
• Example 2-
say we have a group of order then by Sylow’s 1 st theorem
G must have at least one subgroup of each of the following orders :
2,4,8,3,9,5,25,125,625,7. But it doesn’t tell anything about possible
existence of order 6,10,15,30 or any other divisor of |G| that has 2 or
more distinct prime factors.
Cauchy’s Theorem
• Let G be a group. If p is a prime factor of |
G| then G contains at least one element of
order p
• Explanation-
Let the order of the group G i.e the cardinality of the group under
multiplication modulo 7 is 6 i.e |G|=6
so A ={1,2,3,4,5,6} [since the elements are less than 7
and are relatively prime to 7 so the order is 6]
6 = 2 * 3 so 2 and 3 are the prime factor of |G|.
so under multiplication modulo 7 (existence of one element
of order 3)
under multiplication modulo 7 (existence of one element
of order 2)
Sylow p-Subgroups and conjugate groups
• Sylow p-Subgroup – Let G be a finite group and
let p be a prime. If divides |G| and
does not divide |G| , then any subgroup
G of order is called a sylow p-subgroup of G
• Example – any subgroup of order 8 is a sylow 2-subgroup of G. Since
divides |G| = 8 but does not divide |G| = 8 ,then |G|= 8 is of order
is the Sylow 2-subgroup of G. similarly, any subgroup of order 625 is Sylow 5-
subgroup of G etc.

• Conjugate Subgroups – let H and K be


subgroups of a group G. We say H and K
are conjugate in G if there is an element g
in G such that H =
(it’s just a definition and nothing to explain and from
definition it is trivial)
Theorem - 2
• If H is a subgroup of a finite group G and |
H| is a power of a prime p, then H is
contained in some sylow p-subgroup of G.
• Explanation- Let G = (1,2,4,7,8,11,13,14} under multiplication
modulo 15 has order 8 i.e |G| = 8,let H be a subgroup of G then let
H = {1,7}. We can see that order of H i.e|H| = 2 which is a power of a
prime p,let’s say p=2 i.e |H| = 2 is the power of prime p = 2. then H
is contained in Sylow 2-subgroup of G.
• NOTE – we cannot take the prime p = 3 since this will
contradict the definition of sylow 2-subgroup since 3 does
not divide order of G i.e 8. Only 2 and it’s power up to 3
divides |G| = 8.
Theorem – 3
• Let G be a finite group of order n and
let p be a prime such that p∣n. If n=
where k≥1 and p∤m then:
a) ≡1(mod p), i.e., p∣( −1).
b)  | m
• Example – Let G be a group of order 120 and we wish to find
out the number of Sylow 5-subgroups of G has. Let be the no. of Sylow
5-subgroups of G. By Sylow’s 3rd theorem we have, here m= 24
= 1 (mod 5) and | 24
Since | 24 we must have which belongs to {1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24}.
Since 24 is divided only by the numbers in the given set. Of this set the
only number congruent to 1 modulo 5 are 1 and 6. So G has either 1 Sylow
5-subgroup or 6 Sylow 5-subgroups.
Cyclic ,normal and simple groups of
order pq
•  If p and q are distinct primes
with p<q, then every group G of
order pq has a single subgroup of
order q and this subgroup is normal
in G. Hence, G cannot be simple.
Furthermore, if q≢1(mod p), then G is cyclic.
• Example - Every group of order 15 is cyclic. This is true because 15=5⋅3
and 5≢1(mod3)
• A Sylow group is unique if and only if it is a normal subgroup.
• Any group G of order pq for primes  p,q satisfying p≠1(mod
q) and q≠1(mod p) is abelian.
References
• Contemporary Abstract algebra – Pg 412-
415
• Stanford university lecture notes
• Topics in Algebra - I.N Herstein Pg 91
Thank
you

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