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Indore Indira School of Career Studies: Sub: Computer Organisation By: Prof. Marie Fernandes

The document discusses computer organization and components. It describes the central processing unit including the arithmetic logic unit, registers, and control unit. It then covers main memory, cache memory, and input/output devices like magnetic disks, tapes, and optical disks. It also discusses subsystems like buses that connect the CPU to memory and I/O controllers, as well as computer architectures like CISC and RISC.

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MarieFernandes
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60 views48 pages

Indore Indira School of Career Studies: Sub: Computer Organisation By: Prof. Marie Fernandes

The document discusses computer organization and components. It describes the central processing unit including the arithmetic logic unit, registers, and control unit. It then covers main memory, cache memory, and input/output devices like magnetic disks, tapes, and optical disks. It also discusses subsystems like buses that connect the CPU to memory and I/O controllers, as well as computer architectures like CISC and RISC.

Uploaded by

MarieFernandes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDORE INDIRA SCHOOL OF

CAREER STUDIES

SUB: COMPUTER ORGANISATION


By:
Prof. Marie Fernandes
Computer
Organization
Computer hardware (subsystems)
CENTRAL
PROCESSING
UNIT
(CPU)
CPU
Central Processing Unit
--Arithmetic logic unit
 Performs arithmetic and logical operations
 Arithmetic operation
 Unary: increment (+1) and decrement (-1)
 Binary: add, subtract, multiply, and divide
 Logical operation
 Unary: NOT
 Binary: AND, OR, XOR
Central Processing Unit
--Registers
 Registers are fast storage locations that hold
data temporarily.
 Data registers
 Input data and output data
 Instruction registers
 Program counter
Central Processing Unit
--Control unit
 The control unit is like the part of the human
brain that controls the operation of each part
of the body.
 Controlling is achieved through wires ( 金屬
線 ) that can be on (hot) or off (cold).
5.2

MAIN MEMORY
Main Memory

Unit Exact Number of bytes Approximation


------------ ------------------------ ------------
kilobyte 210 bytes 103 bytes
megabyte 220 bytes 106 bytes
gigabyte 230 bytes 109 bytes
terabyte 240 bytes 1012 bytes
petabyte 250 bytes 1015 bytes
exabyte 260 bytes 1018 bytes

Table 5.1 Memory units


Figure 5-3

Main memory
 Address space:
 the total number
of uniquely
identifiable
locations in
memory
Memory types-- RAM

 RAM: random access memory


 SRAM: static RAM
 flip-flop gates
 No need to be refreshed
 Catch memory
 DRAM: dynamic RAM
 Capacitors
 Need to be refreshed periodically
 Main memory
Memory types– ROM

 ROM: read-only memory


 PROM: programmable ROM
 Only written once
 EPROM: erasable PROM
 Use ultraviolet light ( 紫外光 ) to erase data
 EEPROM: electronically EPROM
 Can be erased using electronic impulses
Memory hierarchy
Cache memory
Catch memory

 Why is catch memory so efficient despite its


small size?
 The answer is 80-20 rule.
 Most computers spend 80 percent of the time
accessing only 20 percent of the data.
5.3
INPUT / OUTPUT
Input/Output devices

 Nonstorage devices
 Keyboard and monitor
 Printer
 Storage devices
 Magnetic ( 磁性的 ) storage devices
 Optical ( 光學的 ) storage devices
Physical layout of a magnetic disk
Surface organization of a disk

Intertrack Intersector
gap gap
Magnetic Disk

 Surface organization
 Tracks and sectors
 Data access
 Random access, one sector a time
 Performance
 Rotational speed, seek time, and transfer time
Definitions

 Rotational speed
 How fast the disk is spinning ( 旋轉 )
 Seek time
 The time to move the read/write head to the
desired track
 Transfer time
 The time to move data from the disk to the
CPU/memory
Mechanical configuration of a tape
Surface organization of a tape
Magnetic Tape

 Surface organization
 Nine tracks (8 bits for information and 1 bit
for error detection)
 Data access
 Sequential access
 Performance
 Slower than a magnetic disk
Optical storage devices

 CD-ROM: compact disc ROM


 Capacity: 650MB
 CD-R: compact disc recordable
 CD-RW: compact disc rewritable
 DVD: digital versatile disc
 Capacity: 4.7GB – 17GB
Creation and use of CD-ROM
CD-ROM--Creation

 The steps to create a CD (650MB)


 Create a master disc
 Using a high-power infrared laser
 Pits (holes, 0) and lands (no holes, 1)
 Make a mold
 Create a CD
 Injected molten polycarbonate resin into the mold
 Add a reflective layer and a protective layer
CD-ROM--Reading

 Using low-power laser beam to read


 The laser beam is reflected by the aluminum surface
when passing through a land.
 It is reflected twice when it encounters a pit, once by
the pit boundary and once by the aluminum boundary.
more light  land, less light  pit
CD-ROM format

 Using hamming code


 8-bit for data transformed into a 14-bit symbol using an
error correction method
 A frame is made of 42 symbols
 A sector is mode of 96 frames
CD-ROM-- speed

Speed Data Rate Approximation


------------ ------------------------ ------------
1x 153,600 bytes per second 150 KB/s
2x 307,200 bytes per second 300 KB/s
4x 614,400 bytes per second 600 KB/s
6x 921,600 bytes per second 900 KB/s
8x 1,228,800 bytes per second 1.2 MB/s
12x 1,843,200 bytes per second 1.8 MB/s
16x 2,457,600 bytes per second 2.4 MB/s
24x 3,688,400 bytes per second 3.6 MB/s
32x 4,915,200 bytes per second 4.8 MB/s
40x 6,144,000 bytes per second 6 MB/s
Table 5.2 CD-ROM speeds
Making a CD-R
CD-R

 Write once, read many (WORM)


 Creation
 No master disc or mold
 Reflective layer  gold
 No physical pits  simulated pits
 Using a high-power laser beam
 Dark spot in the dye ( 染料 ) to simulate a pit
Making a CD-RW
CD-RW

 Creation
 Instead of dye  uses an alloy ( 合金 ) of
silver( 銀 ), indium( 銦 ), antimony ( 銻 ), and
tellurium( 碲 ).
 Two states
 Amorphous ( 非結晶質 ): pit
 Crystalline ( 結晶質 ( 可穿透 )): land
 Using high-power laser to create
DVD

 Differences between DVD and CD-ROM


 DVD: The pits are smaller
 DVD: The tracker are closer
 DVD: The beam is red laser
 DVD: uses one to two recording layers
 Single-sided or double-sided
Table 5.3 DVD capacities
Feature Capacity
--------------------------------- ------------
single-sided, single-layer 4.7 GB
single-sided, dual-layer 8.5 GB
double-sided, single-layer 9.4 GB
double-sided, dual-layer 17 GB
 DVD uses MPEG for compression
 A single-sided single-layer DVD
 133 minutes of video at high resolution
5.4
SUBSYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION
Connecting CPU and memory using three buses
Buses

 Data bus:
 The number of wires depends on the size of the
word
 Address bus:
 The number of wires depends on the address
space of memory
 Control bus:
 The number of wires depends on the total
number of control commands a computer needs
Connecting I/O devices to the buses
Controllers

 A controller can be a serial or parallel device.


 SCSI: small computer system interface
 Parallel interface
 FireWire: IEEE standard
 A high-speed serial interface (50MB/sec)
 USB: universal serial bys
 A serial controller (1.5 MB/sec – 500MB/sec (USB2.0))
SCSI controller (a chain)
FireWire controller (tree)
USB controller
Architectures

 CISC: complex instruction set computer


 Have a large set of instructions, including the complex
ones
 Micro-operation, micro-memory, micro-programming
(p. 92)
 i.e. Intel Pentium
 RISC: reduced instruction set computer
 Have a small set of instructions that do a minimum
number of simple operations
 i.e. Apple PowerPC
Key terms
 Address bus  Data bus
 Address space  Data register
  DVD
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
 Direct memory access
 Arithmetic operation
 DRAM
 Bit pattern
 EEPROM
 Bus
 EPROM
 Cache memory
 Execute
 Central processing unit (CPU)
 Fetch
 CD-ROM
 FireWire
 CD-R  Frame
 CD-RW  I/O controller
 CISC  I/O subsystem
 Control bus  Instruction register
 Control unit  Interrupt-driven I/O
 Isolated I/O  Random access memory (RAM)
 Keyboard  Read-only memory (ROM)
 Land  Read/write head
 Logical operation  RISC
 Machine cycle  Register
 Magnetic disk  Rotational speed
 Magnetic tape
 Sector
 Main memory
 Seek time
 Memory-mapped I/O
 SCSI
 Monitor
 Static RAM (SRAM)
 Nonstorage device
 Optical storage device  Storage device
 Pit  Track
 Printer  Transfer time
 Program counter  USB
 PROM  Write once, read only (WORM)
 Programmed I/O

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