Chapter 1

Introduction to Java Programming

Learning Objectives
To learn the background of Java
To understand the Java runtime environment
To know the strengths of Java
To learn the basic components of Java program
To work with simple input and output of Java program

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Learning Outcomes
Able to explain the background about Java
Able to explain the Java development environment
Able to list the strengths of Java
Understand the basic components of Java program
Able to write Java program with simple input and output
statements

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About Java
Developed my James Gosling and released by Sun
Microsystems in 1995
Java 2 released in December 1998, with features for
enterprise and mobile applications. It was then renamed
to Java EE, Java ME and Java SE in 2006.
In November 2006, Sun released Java as free and open
source software and made the core code available under
free software / open source distribution terms in 2007.
Sun was later acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2009-
2010.

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Java Runtime Environment
It consists of
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Java platform core classes (packages)
Supporting Java platform libraries

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Java Runtime Environment
Java Source Code

Java compiler (byte code)

JVM (Java Interpreter)

Operating System
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Java Program Execution Phases
• Type and edit the code
Edit

• Compile the source code into bytecode using javac

Compile

• Load bytecode (.class) and transfers it into memory

Load

• Validate bytecode, check for security violation

Verify

• Run the program

Execute

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Strengths of Java
Simple
Object-oriented
Portable
Distributed
Robust
High performance
Dynamic
Multithreaded

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Components of Java Program
Comments
Reserved words
Modifiers
Statements
Blocks
Classes
Methods

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Java Console Application
Example 1.1 Simple Java console application

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Comments
/* and */ – the enclosed text is treated as a comment
// – the rest of the line is treated as a comment
/** and / – the enclosed text is treated as a comment,
is used to automatically generate documentation
 Examples:
// This application prints welcome to Java
/* This application prints welcome to Java */

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Reserved Words
Words that have a specific meaning to the compiler
Cannot be used for other purposes in the program
It is always spelled in lowercase letters

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Access Modifiers/Specifiers
Modifiers specify how attributes, methods, and classes
can be used or accessed.
Examples of modifiers:
public
static
private
final
abstract
protected

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Statements
A statement represents an action or a sequence of
actions
Every statement in Java must end with a semicolon (;)
Examples:
System.out. println("Welcome to Java")
int x = 5;

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Blocks
Formed by the braces ({ })
Used to group statements together
Help compiler to identify components of a program
Each block begins with an open brace ({) and ends with a
closing brace (})
Blocks can be nested – that is, one block can be placed
within another

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Classes
A class is a template or blueprint for objects
A program is defined by using one or more classes
Every Java program has at least one, and programs are
contained inside a class definition enclosed in blocks
The class can contain data declarations and method
declarations

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Methods
A method is a collection of statements that perform a
sequence of operations in order to provide certain
functionality.
A method can be used even without fully understanding
the details of how it works.
It is used by invoking a calling statement with arguments.
The arguments are enclosed within parenthesis.
Example:
System.out.println() - a predefined method in the standard
Java language

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println Method
Example 1.2 println method

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print Method
Example 1.3 print method

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Escape Sequence
Escape Description
Sequence
\n Newline. Position the cursor at the beginning of the next
line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the cursor to the next tab stop
\r Carriage return. Position the cursor to the beginning of
the current line; do not advance to the next line.
\’ Single quote. Print a single quote character.
\\ Backslash. Print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Print a double quote character.
\f Form feed.

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Newline and Horizontal tab
Escape Sequence
Example 1.4

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Quotes and backslash
Escape Sequence
Example 1.5

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Java Window Application:
Message Dialog
It is used to output a simple message in a window frame
It consists of
The message title, default is “Message”
The message
The icon, default is information icon
The “OK” button
To use message box, you need to import the library class
– javax.swing.JOptionPane
Example:
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,message);

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Java Window Application:
Message Dialog
Example 1.6

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Java Window Application:
Message Dialog Type
Java provides various message dialog type:
Message Dialog type Description
JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE Displays a dialog that indicates
an error to the application user.
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE Displays a dialog with an
informational message to the
application user.
JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE Displays a dialog that warns the
application user.
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE Displays a dialog that poses a
question to the application
user.
JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE Displays a dialog that simply
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Java Window Application:
Message Dialog Type
Example 1.7

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Java Window Application:
Message Dialog Type
Output for Example 1.7

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Java Window Application:
Input Dialog
It is used to read input in string
It consists of
The dialog box title “Input”
The question
The input box
The question icon
The “OK” and “Cancel” buttons
Example:
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter name”);

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Java Window Application:
Input String
Example 1.8

Output

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Java Window Application:
Input Integer
Example 1.9

Output

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Common Mistakes
Correct Incorrect
public class Example{} Public Class Example {}
public static void main Public Static void main
(String args[ ]) (String args[ ])
public static void main
(String args[ ]);
System.out.println(); system.out.println();
System.Out.Println();
import javax.swing.*; Import javax.swing.*;
import Javax.Swing.*;
import.javax.swing.*;

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Common Mistakes
Correct Incorrect
System.out.println( System.out.println(
“first\n\tsecond"); "first/n/tsecond");
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog Joptionpane.ShowMessageDialog(
(null, "Welcome to Java"); null, "Welcome to Java");
JOptionPane.showDialogMessage
(null, "Welcome to Java");
JOptionPane.showInputMessage(
null, "Welcome to Java");
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog("
Welcome to Java"); //missing null
int n=Integer.parseInt(s); int n=Int.parseInt(s);
int n=Integer.parse(s);

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Summary
Java is an object-oriented programming language that is
compiled and interpreted by Java Virtual Machine to
enable write once, run anywhere
Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a bundle of programs
that allow for developing and running of Java program
The strengths of Java include portability, reusability,
dynamic, multithreaded, secured, robust, high
performance and distributed
The basic components of Java program consists of
comment, class, method, modifier, statement, and block.

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Summary
The use of print and println methods with the escape
sequence enable output to be printed with column and in
new line.
A message can be printed in different message icon and
message title.
The Input Dialog takes input as string. Any number input
requires conversion to be made with the correct
conversion method.

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