TYPOLOGY OF THE WORD-

GROUP IN ENGLISH AND

UKRAINIAN

Grinyuk Ivanna (408)

 THE WORD-GROUP (I)
The word-group in both languages
consists of two or more
grammatically connected notional
parts of speech expressing some
content. Word-groups in English and
Ukrainian may be free or
idiomatically bound.
 THE WORD-GROUP (II)
The elements of notional word-groups can be
joined either syndetically by means of
prepositions or conjunctions (books for
reading, читати по черзі) or asyndetically
by means of intonation (easy-reading books,
писати швидко). English has a greater
asyndetic potential if compared with
Ukrainian because of its analytical character.
 SYNTAGMATIC GROUPINGS
 syntagmatic groupings of notional words
alone (interesting book, цікава книга),
 syntagmatic groupings of notional words
with functional words (to get rid of sth,
зважати на щось),
 syntagmatic groupings of functional
words alone (up to, тому що).
 The links between the elements of
a word-group
 predicative, uniting the subject and the predicate.
Such word-groups (I go, Ми читаємо) build up the
basis of a sentence;
 we observe objective connections in see a book,
малювати картину;
 attributive connection unites a substance with its
attribute expressed by an adjective or a noun (a
puny creature, цікава новина);
 adverbial connection is subdivided into primary and
secondary.
 Adverbial connections
The primary adverbial The secondary
connection is established adverbial connection
between the verb and its is established between
adverbial modifiers of the non-verbal kernel
expressing a quality
various standings (to talk and its adverbial
seriously, to get with modifiers of various
happiness, говорити standings (wonderfully
голосно, йти з interesting, very much
радістю). at ease, дуже весело).
THE STRUCTURAL FORMS OF
WORD-GROUPS (I)
simple, or elemental complicated, i. e.
word-groups which with two ways of
consist of two components
connected with the help of grammatical
one grammatical means connection: writing
(synthetic or analytical): and reading letters,
this book, to see her, to see Mike driving
cotton shirt; ці книжки, a car, довгі
гарно читати, зайти у
фойє. речення для тебе
для аналізу.
 THE STRUCTURAL FORMS OF
WORD-GROUPS (II)

coordinate subordinate
COORDINATE WORD-GROUPS

The elements of the first class are

joined either syndetically (pens
and pencils, газети та журнали)
or asyndetically (read, translate,
learn; їсти, пити, спати). They
are treated open.
 SUBORDINATE WORD-
GROUPS (I)
They consist of a head component, which is
the nucleus of a word-group, and one of
more adjuncts \ complements \ subordinate
elements and are treated closed (small
children, to love her, very nice, we all, two of
the guys, well enough, afraid to answer, гра
акторів, вартий нагороди, дехто з учнів,
мало часу, дуже весело, легко на душі).
 SUBORDINATE WORD-
GROUPS (II)

Types of
connection

Agreement Government Adjoinment

the subordinate the grammatical the elements are
element gets the meaning of the kernel joined without
same element demands changing their
grammatical from the subordinate forms (to go
meaning as the one particular form quickly,
kernel one (this (to be fond of sth, можливість
book, велике читаю роман). аналізувати).
щастя).
TYPOLOGY OF THE SENTENCE
IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN
 THE SENTENCE
Any coherent connection of words
according to a definite syntactic
pattern with some communicative
purpose related to reality is
considered to be a sentence. It is the
main communicative language unit.
 FEATURES OF THE
SENTENCE (I)

Features of the
sentence

communicativeness predicativity modality

 FEATURES OF THE
SENTENCE (II)
 The sentence is aimed at rendering some information.
Such information exchange proves the role of
communication as one of sentence indicators.
 Predication establishes a certain grammatical
combination of words. Sentence semantics presents
the unity of nominative and predicative aspects.
 Modality is the ground for expressing the speaker’s
attitude towards the content of an utterance.
 According to the aim of
communication sentences fall into:

 declarative,
 interrogative,
 imperative,
 exclamatory.
 Declarative sentences
They split into affirmative and negative statements of real,
wishful and conditional modality (The door opened. He
made no remark. Раптом вона заплакала. Він не
заперечував цього). If negation stands in front of the
predicate it bears the general meaning of negation (She
doesn’t want to leave. Він не прийшов на зустріч). Though
certain elements of a sentence may be negated as well (She
studies not at the University. Він навчається не в Києві).
Mind that English has no double negation: She never
admitted her mistakes. Вона ніколи не визнавала своїх
помилок.
 Interrogative sentences (I)
They possess a common communicative function and
the corresponding kinds: general questions in English
start with an auxiliary, modal or linking verb followed
by the subject, whereas in Ukrainian – with any part of
the sentence (Did you do that? Ти це зробив?).
Structural identity is observed in disjunctive\tag-
questions consisting of an affirmative or negative
statement followed respectively by a negative and
affirmative question-tag (She is fond of music, isn’t
she? Ти боїшся, чи не так?).
 Interrogative sentences (II)
Alternative questions are characterized in both
languages by isomorphic features. The beginning
of these sentences presents a general question (Is
it a pen or a pencil? Ви любите кіно або
театр?). Special questions are opened with an
interrogative pronoun or adverb, which may be
proceeded by prepositions, particles or
interjections (What did you do yesterday? Що
вона зробила?).
Interrogative sentences (III)
Allomorphic is the use of prepositions in
the final position in English (What do you
depend upon?). Rhetorical questions have
a modal meaning, which does not contain
any new information for a speaker. So
they need no answers (Who should I
blame? Невже ти цього не чув?).
 Imperative sentences

They express demands, orders,

commands, requests, warnings,
prohibition, persuasion, etc. (Go
to the classroom! Говори правду!).
 Exclamatory sentences

They express exclamation (How

wonderful it was! Як гарно!).
 STRUCTURAL TYPES OF
SENTENCES
 one-member  two-member
sentences; sentences.
ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES
IN BOTH LANGUAGES
 nominative (Night. Measure for Measure.
Темнота та тиша. Чудовий сон!);
 inducive (Go right now! Проходьте!);
 exclamatory (Great! Як гарно!);
 infinitival (To be or not to be? Що
робити?);
 elliptical (Taking risks? Подумав?).
ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES
IN UKRAINIAN (I)
 indefinite personal, where the doer of an action is not
identified (Нам подали на стіл обід). In English the
predicate in the sentences conveying the same idea is
expressed in the Passive Voice form (We were served
coffee);
 generalized personal, where any person may be the
doer of the action (Хліб сіль їж, а правду ріж.
Працювали весь день). In the English equivalent
sentences the subject may be expressed by one, we,
you (One can enjoy the show. You can’t be happy
about it);
ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES
IN UKRAINIAN (II)
 impersonal, where the doer of an action
can’t be reconstructed (Завечоріло.
Прохолодно. Мені боляче. На столі
олівці). In the corresponding English
sentences most often we use the formal
subject It / There, or change the structure of
the sentence (Twilight set in. It is getting
cold. It gives me much pain. There are
pencils on the table).
 TWO-MEMBER
SENTENCES (I)
 extended  unextended
 TWO-MEMBER
SENTENCES (II)
 simple  composite
It has only one It can have more than
predicative link one link of such a
between the subject kind. Hence, it
and the predicate (She contains two clauses.
is in the garden. Він
сьогодні не пішов у
гості).
 COMPOSITE SENTENCES
 compound  complex
COMPOUND SENTENCES
If the links between clauses are coordinate, we
deal with a compound sentence. Clauses may be
joined by means of copulative and adversative
conjunctions, or asyndetically in both languages
(Вона не хотіла йти на концерт, але ми її
умовили. He was very excited and his friends
were excited as well). In English the causal
conjunction for unites coordinate clauses (She
came in time for we used to ask her about it not
once).
 COMPLEX SENTENCES (I)
If one of the clauses in a composite sentence
governs another one, they are linked
subordinately. Such a sentence is called complex.
Depending upon the function of a subordinate
clause in the whole sentence, clauses fall into:
 subject (What was important for him was
absolutely necessary for us. Хто чесно бореться,
(той) завжди перемагає);
 predicative (She was as if frightened to death.
Вона не така, щоб нічого не робити по дому);
 COMPLEX SENTENCES (II)
 object (He knew that she was faithful to him. Я хотів,
щоб у мене було більше вільного часу);
 attributive (The house, which was built not far from the
town, was quite big. Оце та станція, на якій я зійшов
минулого разу);
 adverbial clauses:
a) of place (He is happy to be at home where he can find
his true friends. Вони пішли туди, де ми їх не чекали),
b) of time (When you are free, I am always busy. Я чекав
на них, доки не пішов дощ),
COMPLEX SENTENCES (III)
c) manner (She cried as she was asked. Вітер замутив
воду, аж осока зашуміла),
d) comparison (He looked as if he had been caught in a
trap. Вона виглядає так, начебто вона отримала
двійку),
e) condition (If you ask me, I’ll tell you all about this case.
Якби все було добре, вона не поїхала б додому),
f) concession (She was happy, though we all knew her
fault. Хоча вона й була сердитою, ми добре провели
час),
COMPLEX SENTENCES (IV)
g) purpose (I do it, so that you may be pleased. Ми
зателефонуємо йому, щоб він не гаяв час),
h) cause (I am sorry, because you have failed to amuse me.
Я розсердився, тому що ви не виконали свої
обіцянки),
i) result or consequence (I sat down quickly so that you
might be seen by many people. Повітря було настільки
прозоре, що я бачив зорі),
j) attendant circumstances (I went down the street, my shoes were
creaking) [only in English]. It corresponds to a compound sentence
in Ukrainian (Я пішов по вулиці, а мої черевики скрипіли).
 FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF
THE SENTENCE
 Main:  Secondary:
a) the subject; a) an object;
b) the predicate. b) an attribute;
c) an adverbial
modifier.
 THE SUBJECT
 NOTIONAL  FORMAL
points out a functions as a
person or a position-filler
non-person [only in
English;
[in both expressed by It
languages] / There]
 FORMS OF NOTIONAL
SUBJECT
 Simple (The fog is thinning. She is very
nice. Четвертий переміг. “Але” –
сполучник);
 Phrasal (To ask him again is a mistake);
 Clausal (Who has done it is to be found.
Того, хто це зробив, буде покарано);
 Complex [only in English] (She is
supposed to win).
 FORMS OF FORMAL
SUBJECT
 impersonal – describes various states of nature,
things, characteristics of environment, denoting
time, distance (It is spring);
 introductory – introduces the notional subject (It
is impossible to deny it. There was a silence for a
moment);
 emphatic - in emphatic constructions (It is he,
who did it).
 THE PREDICATE

SIMPLE COMPOUND
 THE SIMPLE PREDICATE
 simple verbal  simple nominal
(I like singing. She (He, a liar!
is in the garden. Я Захоплююча гра
пішов у кіно). футбол).
 THE COMPOUND
PREDICATE
 COMPOUND VERBAL  COMPOUND
a) compound aspect NOMINAL
verbal (He began a) compound nominal
reading a book. Він
розпочав працювати в
(London is the
дитинстві), capital of England.
b) compound modal Київ – столиця
verbal (We can read України),
quickly. Ми можемо b) double (only in
записати цей матеріал). English – The sun
rose red).
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE
SUBJECT & THE PREDICATE
INVERSION IN ENGLISH:
 full [P + S + O] (Here comes the lady);
 partial [P + S + P + O] (Happy may you
be);
 grammatical (So do I);
 emphatic (Never I have seen her);
 linking (Next comes Ann).
 FORMS OF OBJECT
 direct (He sees this monument for the first time.
Він запитав дозвіл на виїзд);
 indirect (Tell him the truth. Зробіть йому
масаж);
 prepositional (Get rid of these mistakes. Дозвіл
на відрядження був отриманий вчасно);
 cognate (He lived a happy life. Він жив
подвійним життям);
 complex [only in English]( I saw her cry).
 TYPES OF ADVERBIAL
MODIFIERS
 time,
 place,
 manner,
 cause,
 purpose,
 result,
 condition,
 concession,
 comparison,
 attendant circumstances [only in English] (She went to Africa to
die from malaria there).