Control Volume & System Representation

System
• By definition, a system is a collection of matter of
fixed identity (always the same atoms or fluid
particles), which may move, flow, and interact with
its surroundings (by transfer of heat or exertion of
pressure force etc)
• i.e. fixed mass!!
• It may continually change size & shape
 Control Volume
• It is a volume in space (a geometric entity,
independent of mass) through which fluid may flow
in and out
• i.e. the amount of mass within the control volume
may change with time
 Control Volume
• Control volume (CV) approach helps in describing
the effect of fluid flow on surrounding bodies
• CV can be moving or fixed and deformable/non-
deformable
• The surfaces that make up a control volume are
called control surfaces
 Control Volume
• One type of control volume can be inside of a pipe
• Here the control surfaces are the inside surface of
the pipe (physical surface) and the inlet and outlet
are the control surfaces in space
• Fluid flows across part of control surface but not
across all of it
 Control Volume
• Control Volume around a jet engine
• System inside engine at time t1
• System moves outside control volume at time t2>t1
• New system present inside engine
• If the aircraft is moving, this CV around the engine is
a moving CV relative to an observer on ground
 Control Volume
• Deflating balloon is an example of deforming CV
• Also if not held in place, it becomes a moving &
deforming CV
 Control Volume
• Majority of problems we will analyze can be solved
using fixed non-deforming CV
• Relationship between system and CV similar to
relationship between Lagrangian and Eulerian
approach
• Also, the system flows thru the CV
 Reynold Transport Theorem
• All laws governing the motion of a fluid are stated in
their basic form in terms of system approach e.g.
‘mass of a system remains constant’ etc.
• Reynold Transport Theorem (RTT) is an important
tool to convert system analysis to control volume
analysis and can be applied to all basic laws
 Reynold Transport Theorem
• All basic laws are always stated in term of physical
parameters (properties), like Velocity, Acceleration,
Temperature, Mass and Momentum
• The conversion formula using RTT may differ slightly
according to whether the control volume is fixed,
moving or deforming
 Reynold Transport Theorem
• Any fluid parameter (say “B”) can be defined as
B=mb
where m is mass of B and “b” is the amount of that
parameter per unit mass
 Reynold Transport Theorem
• B=mb
• The term “B” is termed as Extensive property i.e. it
is dependent on the amount of mass considered
• The parameter “b” is termed as an Intensive
property i.e. independent of mass
 Reynold Transport Theorem
• Property ‘B’ of the system represented as ‘Bsys’ and
for control volume ‘BCV’
• The amount of extensive property that a system
possesses at a given instance can be determined by
adding up the amount associated with each fluid
particle in the system i.e.
Bsys  lim  bi   ivi     b dv
V 0
sys
 ivi
Wherev is the mass of infinitesimal fluid particle
of size
 Reynold Transport Theorem
• Most of the time, we are dealing with extensive
properties that involve the time rate of change,
such as  
d    b dv 
dBsys 
(Eqn 4.8)
  sys 
dt dt
• Similarly, the time rate of change of extensive
property B within a control volume can be written
as  
d    b dv 
dBCV (Eqn
 CV 4.9) 

dt dt
 Reynold Transport Theorem
   
d    b dv  d    b dv 
dBsys   dBCV
     CV 
sys

dt dt dt dt
• Although both eqns look similar, physical
interpretation is quite different
• The difference lies in the limits of integration
• RTT provides a relationship between these two
eqns.
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• A simple version of RTT relating system concepts to
control volume concepts can be obtained for 1-D
flow thru a variable area duct section
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• Consider a stationary CV within the duct between
section 1 & 2
• The system that we consider is that fluid occupying
the control volume at some initial time t
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• A short time later, at time t + dt, the system has
moved slightly to the right
• The fluid particles at section 1 & 2 have moved
slightly to the right by an amount l1  V1and
t
l2  V2t respectively
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• We assume the fluid flows across sections 1 & 2 in a
direction normal to these surfaces and that V1 and
V2 are constant across sections 1 & 2
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• Outflow from CV from time ‘t’ to ‘t + dt’ is denoted
as volume II and the inflow as volume I
• We can say, at time t SYS = CV
at time t+dt SYS = CV – I + II
• CV being stationary remains const at all times
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• If B is an extensive parameter of the system, then
the value of it for the system at time t is the same as
that for the control volume CV
Bsys  t   BCV  t 
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• Its value at time t+dt is
Bsys(t+dt) = BCV(t+dt) – BI(t+dt)+BII(t+dt)
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• Thus
  change in the amount of B in the system in
time interval is given by
Bsys Bsys  t  t   Bsys  t  BCV  t  t   BI  t  t   BII  t  t   Bsys  t 
 
t t t

• Since Bsys(t) = Bcv(t), implies

 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
•   Bsys BCV  t  t   BCV  t  BII  t  t  BI  t  t 
  
t t t t
• For dt 0
• The LHS of above becomes DBsys/Dt
• The 1st term on RHS
lim

BCV  t  t   BCV  t  BCV  CV  b dv
 

t 0 t t t
• The 2nd term on RHS
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
•   Bsys BCV  t  t   BCV  t  BII  t  t  BI  t  t 
  
t t t t
• Since the amount of B within region II (outflow
region) is its amount per unit volume () times the
volume, so BII  t  t     2b2  vII    2b2  A2 V2t 
• Thus, the rate at which this property flows out from
CV is B out  lim BII  t  t    A V b
o
2 2 2 2
t 0 t
• Similarly, B in  lim BI  t  t   1 A1V1b1
o

t 0 t
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
• Combining, we get a relationship b/w time rate of
change of B for the system and that for the CV
i.e. DB sys BCV (eqn 4.15)
   2 A2V2b2  1 A1V1b1
Dt t
 Deriving Reynold Transport Theorem
DB sys BCV
   2(eqn 2  1 A1V1b1
A2V2b4.15)
Dt t
• Remember, this is a simplified version of RTT with
the assumption of fixed CV, with one inlet & outlet
having uniform properties () across inlet and outlet,
with velocity normal to section 1 & 2
• Also note that time rate of change of B for the
system is not necessarily the same as rate of change
of B within CV