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Lec 1 Lagrange Interpolation

The document discusses numerical interpolation and polynomial approximation. It covers Lagrange interpolation, which develops a polynomial that matches function values at given data points. The Lagrange polynomial can then be used to find approximate values between data points or derive other properties like derivatives. Examples show how interpolation can be applied to problems involving predicting missing or intermediate data.

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Muhammad Ali
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227 views18 pages

Lec 1 Lagrange Interpolation

The document discusses numerical interpolation and polynomial approximation. It covers Lagrange interpolation, which develops a polynomial that matches function values at given data points. The Lagrange polynomial can then be used to find approximate values between data points or derive other properties like derivatives. Examples show how interpolation can be applied to problems involving predicting missing or intermediate data.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Interpolation and Polynomial


approximation
Topics Covered
• Why studying Numerical Interpolation is Important?
• Application of Interpolation
3.1 Weierstrass Approximation Theorem
• Polynomial Approximations
• Lagrange Interpolation

Prepared By: Dr. Tayyab Hussain


Email: [email protected]
Why study Numerical Interpolation?

• Fundamental Laws of Physics, Math


depends on Calculus (i.e. concept of
function)
• Can we represent ECG signal as a function
• Digital Machines generate Discrete
Information
• Prediction of missing Information within
tabular data is a challenge for us
To Think…
How velocity is measured by a digital meter in a
hybrid car?

Time (s) 5 10 20 30 50
Velocity 20 30 12 40 50
(m/s)

1. Velocity at 17 sec??
2. Acceleration after 17
sec??
To Think…

Can Mathematical function express ECG signal accurately??


The fundamental functions are
Polynomial, exponential, trigonometric or logarithmic….
Application of Interpolation
• Interpolation is primarily used for two purpose
1. Developing a polynomial from data set
2. Calculating value at some missing nodes in the data

 A census of the population of the United States is taken every


10 years. The following table lists the population, in thousands
of people, from 1950 to 2000.

 We can predict the population in 1975 or even in 2020 by using


some kind of interpolating polynomial
Usually machines generate and store data in regular intervals, if
information is required somewhere in the middle, we can use
interpolation. For e.g.
• In a badminton match we have the information about the shuttle
position after each 0.1 second (1/10 th of second), when the time
is 5.36 second (it is not integral multiple of 0.1). Can we
determine the exact position of shuttle at 5.36 seconds?
OR
• In case of football match can I exactly predict the time, when the
ball crossed the goal post line.
OR
• In a cricket match can I determine whether the ball bounced near
the boundary is inside the rope or not?
In all these cases if I can somehow generate the data of shuttle
position or ball position. I can use interpolation to answer the
questions.
Have you ever think that if the velocity information is available
in discrete form, How am I going to calculate derivative?
Time (s) 5 10 20 30 50
Velocity 20 30 12 40 50
(m/s)

What is the acceleration at 17 seconds??

“Acceleration is a derivative of velocity w.r.t time.”

 I can use interpolation to first generate the polynomial


representing the velocity, and then I can take the derivative
of the velocity polynomial to calculate the acceleration.
Activity:
Can you write down some of the examples,
where we can apply interpolation…
Theorem
  3.1 (Weierstrass Approximation
Theorem)
Suppose that f is defined and continuous on [a, b]. For
each
> One
 0, there exists
of the most a polynomial
useful P(x),
and well-known withofthe
classes property
functions
thatmapping the set of real numbers into itself is the algebraic
polynomials, the set<of,functions
|f (x) − P(x)| for all xare of the
in [a, b].form

We can represent any real


valued function by using
polynomials.
 Polynomial approximation of Exponential function

We can express the exponential function in terms of polynomial


by using Taylor series approximation

Taylor
approximation is

• accurate near 0.

• Not accurate
around x=3
Lagrange Interpolation:
x
f(x) f() f()
Two data points

 
The polynomial should satisfy the given data, so we can write it
as a combination of function value at and

Now, values of Lagrange coefficient’s shall be defined such that


when x= then polynomial output should be f() and when x= then
polynomial output should be f().
Solution: x 2 5
f(x) 4 1
x
f(x) f() f() f() Three data points

f()+
  f()+ f()
 

Activity:
Can you quickly check, Does satisfy the given data set??
Can you follow a pattern in Lagrange Coefficient??
Generalized form of Lagrange Polynomial
Lagrange
Polynomial curve
matching with
actual function
curve on the
interval [2,4]
To Think…

• Will Taylor series expansion about x=1 match the actual curve
1/x on the interval [2,4]??
• If there are 6 data points, Order of Lagrange polynomial is??
• If there are n data points, Order of Lagrange polynomial is ??
• What is the relation between number of data points and
Lagrange polynomial??
• Is it possible to construct 3rd order polynomial, If 7 data points
are given? If possible, How??
• Is Lagrange applicable to equally spaced data set or unequally
spaced data??
• Can we construct a 2nd or higher order Lagrange polynomial
using two data points??

  A sensor measures the position f(t) of a particle t (microseconds)
after a collision as given in the table. Use Lagrange to estimate
value of f(6).
t 3 5 10 12
f(t) 3 8 14 16

 An engineer wants a projectile to pass through the given points.


He decides to do this by using an interpolating polynomial. What
is the value of corresponding to .
 The acceleration function of a moving drone a(t) is known to be a
cubic function. Some values of a(t) are given in the table below.
Find the value of k.
t (sec) 1 2 3 4 5
a(t) m / -15 -14 k 54 145
 In a badminton match the shuttlecock strikes the ground near the
border line. The distance of the boundary from the center line is
22 ft. The horizontal distance covered (x ft) by the shuttle vs
vertical height (H(x) ft) of the shuttle is given in the table below.
After taking few bounces the shuttle came to complete rest at a
distance of 23 ft from the center line. Use the concept of
interpolation to develop a second order polynomial to determine
whether the shuttlecock strikes the ground within the court or
outside the court. (You can use calculator to directly solve the
equation)
x (feet) 0 12 14 18 21 23
H(x) (feet) 7 10 8 2 0.1 0

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