Phonetics and Phonology - PPT

Submitted To:
Waqas Mirza
• Group Members
NABEEL RIASAT S2F18BSEN0029
AZEEM SHOUKAT S2F18BSEN0025
SHAAN ALI S2F18BSEN0008
SHEHARYAR YOUSUF S2F18BSEN0017
Topic Is
Methods of teaching English language

Method
• In the definitions of this term, Webster’s Third New

International Dictionary often uses expressions such as “a
procedure or process for attaining” a goal or “a systematic
procedure, technique” or “a set of rules” very often related to a
science or art.
• Methods “have definite steps or stages and
sub-behaviours that are recurrent and applicable to various
subject matters”.
For our purposes we can consider the method to be a well staged
procedure to teach new language.
Methods
1. The Direct Method. ...

2. The Grammar Translation Method. ...
3. The Audio Lingual Method. ...
4. The Structural Approach. ...
5. Suggestopedia. ...
6. Total Physical Response. ...
7. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) ...
8. The Silent Way.
The Direct Method
• The method of teaching foreign language without the use of mother tongue.
• It only uses target language to teach target language.
• It is also called “Natural Language” because of its learners do not use native
language.
• It’s used to teach a number of different languages not just English, and the main
idea of the Direct Method is that it only uses the target language that the students
are trying to learn.
CONTINUED
• In Direct Method, no translation, no native language but with meaningful

context, pictures, visual aids to help students learn words, preposition,
grammar of the target language.
• It is make up with the Grammar-Translation Method, which emphasizes

reading and writing, fixed rules for sentences patterns, and grammar and
translation skills.
BACKGROUND
• Founded by Francois Gouin, in 1860, he observed hundreds of French

students learning a foreign language and concluded that learning a foreign
language should be in the same way by which people learn their language.
• It aims to use the target language to communicate with daily words.

Grammar is taught inductively, in which students discover the rules.
Advantages
• Direct method helps learner to acquire correct pronunciation.
• It provides better understanding
• Time saving
• Based on psychological principle

Disadvantages
• It’s hard to practice the methods in a class with more than twenty students.
It needs a great amount of teachers.
• Its take much time for teacher to explain the words that might be trivial.
2. Grammar Translation Method
• The Grammar–Translation Method is a method of teaching foreign

languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of
teaching Greek and Latin.
• Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word.
• Grammar–translation classes are usually conducted in the students' native

language.
• There is not usually any listening or speaking practice.

Background
• The Grammar–Translation Method originated from the practice of teaching

Latin.
• Throughout Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, the education system was
formed primarily around a concept called faculty psychology.
• At first it was believed that teaching modern languages was not useful for the
development of mental discipline and thus they were left out of the curriculum.
Advantages
• Shortest and easiest way of explaining meanings of words.
• Medium of instructions is first language, which make it easy for the learner and
teachers to conduct learning.
• Comprehension is easily tested.
• Grammar is easily taught

Disadvantages
• It is an unnatural method.
• It neglects speech.
• It ignores habit formation
• It is uninteresting
The Audio Lingual Method
• The Audio-lingual Method is a method of foreign language teaching which

emphasizes the teaching of listening and speaking before reading and writing.
• The Audio-Lingual method of teaching had its origins during World War II.
• The Audiolingual Approach to language teaching has a lot of similarities with

the Direct Method.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
• It aims at developing listening and speaking • Equal importance is not given to all four
skills which is a step away from the Grammar skills.
translation method
• The learner is in a passive role; the
• The use of visual aids has proven its
learner has little control over their
effectiveness in vocabulary teaching.
learning.
• Correct pronunciation and structure are
emphasized and acquired.
The Structural Approach
• Teaching of English by helping the students to learn certain structures of

English as called the structural approach.
• It is “arrangement of words in such a way as to form a suitable
pattern.”
• Structural approach is a study of the fundamental structures of English
language, their analysis & logical arrangement.
Advantages
• it can be adopted for all stages of education.

• It stress habit formation, through intensive drills, the student cultivate the habit of speaking the
English language.
• Due to much oral drills, whatever is learnt in the class remains stable in the minds of the
students.
• It provides much opportunities to the students to express their ideas and feelings.
• It put more emphasis on speech or oral aspects of learning.
• The students are provided with carefully selected and graded language material.
Disadvantages
• It is suitable only in lower classes.
• Only well selected sentence patterns are taught through this approach.
• It is rarely successful in overcrowded classrooms.
• The type does not take into consideration the fact that pupil is a learner.
• This approach needs specially planned text-books and well trained teachers to
create appropriate environment for learning the language.
Suggestopedia
• Suggestopedia is a teaching method which is based on a modern

understanding of how the human brain works and how we learn most
effectively.
• Some of the key elements of Suggestopedia include a rich sensory
learning environment (pictures, color, music, etc.), a positive
expectation of success and the use of a varied range of methods:
dramatic texts, music, active participation in songs and games, etc.
• The most conspicuous feature of suggestopedia is the use of "music"
and "musical rhythm”.
Advantages
• Students can lower their affective filter. Classes are held in ordinary rooms with
comfortable chairs, a practice that may also help them relaxed.
• Students remember best and are most influenced by information coming from an
authoritative source, teachers.
• Suggestopedia encourages the students to apply language more independently,
takes more personal responsibility for their own learning and get more
confidence.
Disadvantages
• Suggestopedia also has limitation since there is no single teaching

method that is categorized as the best based on some consideration
such as: the curriculum, students motivation, financial limitation,
number of students, etc.
Total Physical Response.
• Background:
• James Asher, an American professor of psychology at San Jose States University,
introduced that method. It is originated in 1960s.
• Based on the theory, that memory is enhanced by associating it with physical movement.
• Total physical response takes student first language learning as a model like a child reacts
to the command of his parents not verbally but physically.
• Stresses that receptive skills should be taught first.
Definition
• Total physical response is a method of teaching language or vocabulary concepts

by using physical movements to react to verbal input. The process mimics the
way that infants learn their first language, and it reduces student inhibitions and
lowers stress. The purpose of the Total Physical Response is to create a brain link
between speech and action to boost language and vocabulary learning.
Advantages
• Young students feel happy to be the part of such classrooms.

• Elective method for teaching languages to young students.
• There is no stress in this method.
• Fun easy and memorable.
• Good tool for vocabulary knowledge.
• Helps learner in learning with less time.
• Create positive thinking.
Disadvantages
• Issues of embarrassment.
• Everything can not be taught with this methodology.
• Suitable only for beginners.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
• A language teaching approach, that changed the course of teaching by replacing all
other traditional approaches.
• This method started at late 1960s.
• Response to situational language teaching.
• Noam Chomsky’s theory of performance and competence in language gave rise to
CLT.
• So the CLT is the teaching approach emphasizes the ability to communicate the
meaning of the message, instead of concentrating on grammatical perfection.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Advantages • Disadvantages
• It develops the speech ability among the
• This approach ignores the grammar
students.
• This approach based on the practical utility. and structures.

• It teaches different ways of expression.
• Trained teachers are not available
• It lays more stress on the functional value of
the language.
in this approach to teach English
• It enables the students to communicate their Language

ideas both inside and outside the classroom.
Silent Method
• A method devised by the Great Mathemetician Caleb Gattegno.

• Method was given in 1960s.
• Method was given in his book “Teaching foreign language in school the silent
way”.
• It was reaction to all other rigid and traditional language teaching methodologies.
• Teacher role was minimized as possible, and pronunciations, spellings are
expected to teach through color charts.
Silent Way Method
• The silent way method is a methodology of teaching language based n the idea
that teachers should be as silent as possible during the class but learners should be
encouraged to speak as much as possible.
Discover learner theory by Jerome Bruner:

• We had a theory by Jerome Bruner, states that learning is maximized when facts are
discovered by learner themselves, so do is happening in silent way.
Conclusion
• There is no ideal approach in language learning . Each one has its merits and
demerits. There is no loyalty to certain methods.
• Teachers should know that they have the right to choose the best methods and
techniques in any method according to pupils needs and learning situation.
• Teachers can adopt a flexible method and technique so as to achieve their goals .
they may choose whatever works best at a particular time in a particular situation.
Conclusion
• Among the modern methodology principles, we can highlight the student-centered

interaction which is connected to the involvement of the students in everything
going on during the lesson. This shifts the teacher’s role to not causing the learning,
but helping learning to happen.
• The teacher’s task is to choose activities suitable for their learner to guide them in
the lessons and to encourage them to experiment with the language.
• Methods are plenty! Decide your own as well and attract the
participants in the class

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Methods of teaching English language

• In the definitions of this term, Webster’s Third New

1. The Direct Method. ...

• It only uses target language to teach target language.

• In Direct Method, no translation, no native language but with meaningful

• It is make up with the Grammar-Translation Method, which emphasizes

• Founded by Francois Gouin, in 1860, he observed hundreds of French

• It aims to use the target language to communicate with daily words.

• Direct method helps learner to acquire correct pronunciation.

• It provides better understanding

• Based on psychological principle

• The Grammar–Translation Method is a method of teaching foreign

• Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word.

• Grammar–translation classes are usually conducted in the students' native

• There is not usually any listening or speaking practice.

• The Grammar–Translation Method originated from the practice of teaching

• Shortest and easiest way of explaining meanings of words.

• Comprehension is easily tested.

• Grammar is easily taught

• It ignores habit formation

• The Audio-lingual Method is a method of foreign language teaching which

• The Audiolingual Approach to language teaching has a lot of similarities with

• Teaching of English by helping the students to learn certain structures of

• it can be adopted for all stages of education.

• It is suitable only in lower classes.

• It is rarely successful in overcrowded classrooms.

• Suggestopedia is a teaching method which is based on a modern

• Suggestopedia also has limitation since there is no single teaching

• Total physical response is a method of teaching language or vocabulary concepts

• Young students feel happy to be the part of such classrooms.

• Everything can not be taught with this methodology.

• Suitable only for beginners.

• This approach based on the practical utility. and structures.

• It enables the students to communicate their Language

• A method devised by the Great Mathemetician Caleb Gattegno.

Discover learner theory by Jerome Bruner:

• Among the modern methodology principles, we can highlight the student-centered

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