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Data Com Lecture 2

This document provides an overview of data communication concepts including layered architectures and protocols. It discusses the OSI reference model and TCP/IP protocols. The key topics covered are the principles of layered architectures, such as dividing complex problems into manageable layers and defining interfaces between layers. It also describes the basic building blocks of communication including entities, protocols, services, and service primitives. The seven layers of the OSI model and functions of each layer are outlined.

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Rafsan Tahsin Hasan
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31 views

Data Com Lecture 2

This document provides an overview of data communication concepts including layered architectures and protocols. It discusses the OSI reference model and TCP/IP protocols. The key topics covered are the principles of layered architectures, such as dividing complex problems into manageable layers and defining interfaces between layers. It also describes the basic building blocks of communication including entities, protocols, services, and service primitives. The seven layers of the OSI model and functions of each layer are outlined.

Uploaded by

Rafsan Tahsin Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communications

Lecture 02

Course Teacher:
Dr. M. Firoz Mridha
Assistant Professor and Coordinator MCSE
University Of Asia pacific.
OSI References Model
• International Standards Organization.
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection).
• Reference model: deals with connecting open
systems that are; Open for communication
with other systems.
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Model
TCP/IP and OSI Protocol Architectures
Lecture 2: Layered Architecture

On completion, the student will be able to:


1. Explain the concepts of Layering
2. Explain the basic principles of the layered Architecture of the
OSI model
3. Explain how information flows in a layered architecture
4. Specify the functions of the seven layers of the OSI model
Outline of the Lecture
 Why Layered Approach?
 What is Layered Approach?
 Basic Principles of Layered Approach?
 Layers and Interfaces
 Entity and Protocols
 Services and Service Access Points
 Types of Services
 Service primitives
 ISO’s OSI Reference Model
 Functions of different Layers of OSI Model
Basic Concepts
• For successful communication, two systems must follow a
common set of rules for generating and interpreting messages
• The set of rules to be followed is very complex
• Layered approach provides a viable approach to deal with a
complex problem
• The communication functions are partitioned into a hierarchical
set of layers
Layered Approach
• A complex problem is divided into a number of pieces of
manageable and comprehensible size
• It provides structured modular approach
• Each module can be developed and tested independently
• Allows easy enhancement and implementation of the functions of
a particular layer without affecting other layers
Some Basic Principles Followed in Layering

• Use optimum number of layers


• Put similar functions in the same layers
• Create a layer where there is need for different levels of
abstraction
• Allow changes of functions to be made within a layer without
affecting others
• Create layer boundaries for each layer with its upper and lower
layers
• Choose layer boundaries to minimize information flow across the
boundaries
Layers and Interfaces

• System interconnection rules are modularized in terms of a series


of layers of functions, say N layers
• Each layer contains a group of related functions
• A layer below Layer n and a Layer above Layer n are Layer (n+1),
respectively
• Between each pair of adjacent layers there is an interface
Layers and Interfaces

• Interface defines which primitive services the lower layer offers to


the upper layer
• Layer n provides service to the Layer (n+1) through service access
points
• Each layer adds value to the services provided by lower layers
Layers and Interfaces
User A User B

Layer N Layer N Protocol Layer N

Layer 2 Layer 2

Layer 1 Layer 1 Protocol Layer 1

Physical Medium
Entity and Protocol

• Data communication occurs between two entities in different


systems.
• An entity is something which is capable of sending, processing or
receiving information.
• For communication to take place the entities should follow an
agreed upon protocol.
Entity and Protocol

• A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.


• It defines What, How and When
• Syntax: Refers to the structure or format of the data.
• Semantics: The way the bit patterns are interpreted and actions
taken based on the interpretation
• Timing: Specify when data can be sent and how fast it can be sent
Information Flow in a Layered Architecture

• Layer N of one machine will carry on conversation with layer N


of another machine
• Rules and convention used in this conversations are collectively
known as layer N protocol
• List of protocols and that entire thing is known as protocol stack
• Set of layers and protocols in the network is the network
architecture
Architecture

• What is Architecture?
• Architecture is a set of rules and conventions necessary for
building something
• It does not specify implementation details
• It is a model - a framework of standard
• A standard based on which something can be implemented
Services

• Connection-Oriented: Modeled after telephone system

• Connection-Less: Modeled after Postal System


Services

• Quality of Service

 Confirmed

 Unconfirmed
Service

• Examples:
• Sequence of Pages
• Remote Log-in
• Digitized Voice
• Electric Junk Mail
• Registered Mail
• Data Base Enquiry
Service Primitives

• Connect Request – request a connection to be established


• Connect Indication – Signal the called party
• Connect Response – Used by the caller to accept/reject calls
• Connect Confirm – tell the caller whether the call was accepted
Service Primitives

• Data Request – request the data to be sent


• Data Indication – Signal the arrival of data
• Disconnect Request – request the connection to be released
• Disconnect Indication – signal the peer about the request

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