GE202: Agriculture, Food& Nutrition

in the Developing World_201901

Globalization of Agriculture

Week 4
Classification of agricultural systems

By degree of market orientation:

– Subsistence agriculture
(subsistence oriented farming systems: <10% of
produce is sold)
– Semi-commercial agriculture
(subsistence and market oriented systems: 10-90%
is sold)
– Commercial agriculture
(market oriented systems: >90% is sold)
 Development
• Development is a complicated concept.

• However, under the “modernization ideology”, development has

predominantly understood as

• Subsistence agriculture:
• Commercial agriculture:

• If the modernization ideology applies to agriculture,

 Practical: a few keys
• You must correctly read the question and answer it.

• Question says:
• Make an objection…

• Examples of the misunderstanding of the question

• Supports the statement
• Defines the terms but does no make an objection

• Question says:
• Influence on agriculture, food, and nutrition

• Examples of the misunderstanding of the question

• Only discusses agriculture, while food and nutrition missing
Globalization of Agriculture
 What is Globalization?
ts
• Is the process of international
integration - inter-change of world-
views, products, ideas and other aspec
of culture. It is FOOD in this case.
• Advances in transportation and ts
telecommunications, infrastructure,
including the rise of the telegraph and i
posterity the internet, are major factors
in globalization, generating further inter-
dependence of economic and cultural
activities.
 What is Globalization?
Opportunities or Threats?

https://ocinternationalmanagement.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/many-see-globalization-as-an-opportunity-for-international-business-but-it-is-clearly-a-threat/
 Why Globalization?
• Globalization – A “smaller world”
• People are closer together
• A world closer in time and space
• A world without borders
• Goods, services & ideas move faster or instantly
• Driven by technology
– Transportation – shipping, containerization, Air travel
– Communication – television, social media
Key drivers of Globalization

https://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/factors-that-have-contributed-to-globalisation
 The Columbian Exchange
Alfred W. Crosby, 1972. The Columbian Exchange:
Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.
• An inter-exchange of materials and ideas among the
“east”, “west”, “Old World”, and “New World” after
1492

• The beginning of a global migration of foods that has

generally improved the quality of human life.
 The Columbian Exchange
• These three food sources remain a cornerstone for the
livelihood of more than a billion people in the eastern
hemisphere
• Maize
• Potatoes
• Cassava roots (manioc)

• What food sources were introduced to the South

Pacific?
•
 The Columbian Exchange
• Other New World cultigens also enjoyed success overseas:
• sunflowers, for the oils and chewiness of their seeds;
• several varieties of beans;
• the tomatoes, without which Italian cuisine would be flat;
• the popular vices of cacao and tobacco, as well as chili peppers, pineapples,
vanilla, peanuts, and quinine.

• In the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the Pacific?:

• Cultural exchange as part of globalization

 Inter-change of food in the 21st
century
• Increasing food choices

• Global scale of food supply chain

 Lautoka
Chicago, USA Suva

Rovaniemi, Finland

Bratislava, Slovakia Budapest,

Hungary
Shanghai, China
Japanese soba noodle soup: truly
Japanese?
Soup
Water: 100%
Mirin (sweat sake Tempura
for seasoning): Shrimp: 5%
95% Egg: 11%
Fish soup: 94% Sugar: 34%
Soy sauce: 0% Wheat: 13%
Oil: 0%

Green onion:
86%
Soba: 21%
Spinach:
97%

In average only 21% is produced

domestically.
 Foreign-owned food
corporations in Fiji
Type and parent company of foreign-owned food corporations operating in Fiji,
2015 Country
Parent Parent Company TFC Type of business Trade Activity Year of Investment

Australia Buderim Ginger Freshpac Ginger (Fiji) Food preparations Exports N/A
Limited Limited
Australia Nestle Australia LTD Nestle (Fiji) Limited Food preparation; Candy and Imports and Exports 1984, expanded 1991
https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-017-0257-1

other confectionary products;

Managing consultancy service
France W B Finance et Atys (Fiji) Limited Frozen Fruits and Vegetables; Imports N/A
Partenaires Canned specialities
Australia Goodman Fielder Crest Chicken Limited Prepared feeds; Poultry hatcheries N/A N/A
Limited
Australia Coca-Cola Amatil Coca-Cola Amatil (Fiji) Bottled and canned soft drinks Imports 1995
Limited Limited
Australia Goodman Fielder Goodman Fielder (Fiji) Flavoring extracts and syrups; Ice Imports and Exports N/A
Limited Limited cream and frozen desserts; Frozen
specialties; Prepared feeds
USA McDonalds McDonalds Fiji Fast food restaurant Food & Beverage 1996
Service
USA Kazi Foods Kentucky Fried Chicken Fast food restaurant Food & Beverage 2002 (Closed down in
Corporation Fiji Service 2011)
Australia Chicken Express Chicken Express Fast food restaurant Food & Beverage 2009 Expanded to 10
Systems P/L Service outlets across Fiji
Australia Pizza Hut Fast food restaurant Food & Beverage 2006
Service
Australia Phoenix Foods Eagle Boys Pizza Fast food restaurant Food & Beverage 2015 (opened in 2004,
Limited Service closed down and
reopened again)
USA Motibhai Group Burger King Fast food restaurant Food & Beverage 2014 (opened in 2015,
Service now expanded to 2
outlets in Nadi)
 Food System
- Food system (or food supply
chain) refers to the processes that
describe how food from a farm
ends up on our tables.

- Globalization affects all processes

of production, processing,
distribution, consumption and
disposal

The manner in which different stages along the food supply chain are interlinked
&
 Globalization of agriculture &
food system: Example
Example:
• Global integration – across national borders – of production,
processing, marketing, retailing, and consumption of
agriculture and food items

Consumption:
market – demand &
supply

Production:
Packing/packaging:
Farming Inputs –
packaging materials &
fertilizer; pesticides;
marketing
machineries, etc.
Trading/Exporting: means of
https://danshuihistory.blogspot.com/2015/03/gros-michel-banana-et-al.html transportation
 Globalization of Agriculture
• Refers to the location of different parts of
agribusiness production chain in different places
across the globe
– buy seeds in country A
– farm in country B
– process in country C
– sell in country D
• Example.. ..Tonga & squash pumpkin
– buy seeds from NZ
– farm in Tonga
– process & sell in Japan
 Agribusiness chain
1. AGRO_TECH
Generally – developing countries common
in operation # 2 (farming) & # 3 (processing)
to some extent

2. For example: Tongan

FARMING •squash
Buy seeds from NZ (1)
• Farm in Tonga (2)
3. FOOD • Export to Japan (3)
INDUSTRY • who adds value (Added value)
• Sold in Japan (4)
Before – activities 1 to 4 done
independently
4. RETAIL
Now – these operations increasingly
 Agribusiness in developing
countries
• Why developing countries are chosen for
operations at (2) farming?

• Developing nations
 Impact on nutrition and health?
• Global scale of food supply chain

• Increasing food choices

• Imported food or TNC-owned food chain has not totally replaced traditional food
sources
• So why has there been impact on nutrition and health among people in the
South Pacific, for example?
 Globalization and Health in PICs
• Obesity in 2008 (source: WHO)
• Tonga: 57.6%
• Cook Islands: 63.7%
• Nauru: 71.1%
• Samoa: 54.1%
• Kiribati: 46%
• Fiji: 30.6%
• Vanuatu: 27.5%
• Solomon Islands: 30%
• Australia: 26.8%
• NZ: 28.3%

• As the global trend, obesity is increasing in developing countries

Globalization and Health in PICs
• 15% of Tongans have
diabetes, much higher
than in the 1970s
• Dramatic increases in
diabetes, heart disease,
COPD (Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease) etc. in
the past two decades.
• One of the main causes is
a cheap, fatty kind of meat
- mutton flaps - imported
from New Zealand.(2016)
 Globalization and Health in PICs
• Samoa
• Samoa is importing turkey tail, which is fatty kind of meat, from New Zealand.

• Turkey tail is prohibited to be sold in New Zealand, because of its…

• Then why exporting to Samoa, as well as mutton flap to Tonga?

 Key Fijian ratified trade
agreements
Trade Agreement Date Ratified Partner Countries Summary

South Pacific Regional Trade 1981 Cook Island, Australia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Non-reciprocal regional trade agreement
and Economic Cooperation Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Papua New designed to allow Pacific Island countries
Agreement (SPARTECA) Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, progressive tariff-free access for many of their
Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Kiribati, and Niue, Australia exports into the Australian and New Zealand

https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-017-0257-1
and New Zealand markets.

Melanesian Spearhead 1998 Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands & Papua New Preferential Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
Group Trade Agreement Guinea aimed at promoting regional integration,
(MSGTA) removing trade barriers and governing trade.
Pacific Island Countries 2002 Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Regional Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
Trade Agreement (PICTA) Fiji, Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands, governing trade in goods and aimed at
Nauru, Niue, Republic of Palau, Papua New establishing a single market by creating a free-
Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, trade area among the 14 Pacific island
Tuvalu and Vanuatu member countries.

Pacific Agreement on Closer 2008 14 PICTA countries and Australia and New Framework Agreement for future trade
Economic Relations (PACER) Zealand cooperation and economic integration
between PICTA members and Australia and
New Zealand aimed to create a single regional
economy.

Cotonou Agreement 2003. This Fiji, 79 developing countries in the Africa, Partnership agreement governing
expired in Caribbean and Pacific region and the development, political, economic and trade
2007 European Union cooperation.
Interim Economic 2009 Fiji and the European Union Following the expiration of the Cotonou
Partnership Agreement Agreement in 2007, Fiji signed iEPA to protect
(iEPA) its sugar exports to the European Community
while EPA negotiations for preferential access
to the EU market are currently being
negotiated.
 https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-017-0257-1
food import volume trends
Trade Liberalization and

in Fiji
Globalization and Health in PICs

• PICs have joined the World Trade Organization.

• WTO promotes…
• Trade agreements allow governments to restrict the
availability of products that threaten health of
populations when they are drugs e.g. alcohol and
tobacco

• Challenges in PICs…
 Globalization and Health in PICs
• Why do people consume “unhealthy” food sources, rather
than traditional diet?
Interview questions
• 1) only questions were listed but no transcripts, you did not conduct
interviews; 
• 2) very few questions listed and they do not cover all data you need to
collect; 
• 3) questions are very vague and unclear what data you are trying to
collect;
• 4) some technical terms are used and/or questions are very complicated
and difficult to understand when posed orally; 
• 5) questions are not relevant to food consumption pattern; and 
• 6) interviewees' basic background information is missing. 
Interview questions
• 3) questions are very vague and unclear what data you are trying to
collect;
• 4) some technical terms are used and/or questions are very
complicated and difficult to understand when posed orally; 

• Where do you get your food from?

• What is your source of carbohydrate?

• Is your meal balanced?

• Recording food log is your own task.

Field lab in Lutu Village, 6-7 March
• Meet at the gate of Lower campus at 4 pm Friday 6

• There are three activities

• Activity 3 (Food consumption patterns): Food log and interviews
• Must fill food log individually and attach pictures of each meal.
• Interviews are conducted as a group

• Activity 1 (Agri-business): interviews

• What you need to cover is stated in page 4, organize interview questions accordingly

• Activity 2 (Food production): interviews and observation

• See appendix A for data that need to be collected
• Observation: draw a sketch map of the household garden
Field lab in Lutu Village, 6-7 March
• You will be accommodated and catered by an individual household and
stay with that family until your departure

• All interviews will be conducted with your host family

• Bring toiletry kits, as supply is limited

• Will hold a cultural performance session before departure

Tutorial task
• Activity 2 (Food production): interviews and observation
• See appendix A for data that need to be collected
• Observation: draw a sketch map of the household garden

Map of the Kirby Property ( The New Girl Scout Camp Site) 
Tutorial task
• Class is divided into 4 groups and tutors will take you
to the site.

• Everyone must produce a sketch.

• Once done, show your sketch to the tutor and sign

an attendance sheet.