Phasor Representation of AC

Phasor representation of single
phase AC circuits
Phase
• Waves of alternating voltage and current are
continuous.
• They do not stop after one cycle is completed

but continue to repeat as long as the
generator is operating.
Phase of max.
positive value
Phase difference
T/4 sec (or) π/2 radians
Phase of max.
negative value
3T/4(or) 3π/2
• In an alternating quantity, sine waves have a positive

maximum value at time T/4 sec (or) π/2 radians, a
negative maximum value at time 3T/4(or) 3π/2, with
zero values occurring along the baseline at 0, π and 2π.
Phase
• Phase of a particular value of an alternating

quantity is the fractional part of time period
or cycle through which the quantity has
advanced from the selected zero position of
reference.
Phase difference
• Voltage and current have different phases.
• They don’t pass through a particular point, say, zero

point in the same direction at the same instant.
• When two alternating quantities of the same

frequency have different zero points, they are said to
have a phase difference.
• The angle between zero points is the angle of
phase difference Φ.
• It is measured in radians or degrees.
• The quantity which passes through its zero
point earlier is said to be leading while the
other is said to be lagging.
• Both alternating quantities have the same
frequency, the phase difference between
them remains the same.
• Consider an A.C. Circuit in which current i lags

behind the voltage v by Φ̊.
• The equations of voltage and current are:

• v = Vm sin t
• i = Im sin (t - Φ)
• t in radians and Φ in degrees
Representation of Alternating
voltages and Currents
• Voltage or current may be represented in the form of
• i. Waves and
• ii. Equation, i= Im sin t
• By representing sinusoidal AC voltage or Current by a

line of definite length rotating in anticlockwise direction
at a constant angular velocity ().
• Such a rotating line is called Phasor.

• The length of the phasor is taken equal to the
maximum value of the alternating quantity
• And angular velocity equal to the angular

velocity of the alternating quantity.
Phasor representation of sinusoidal quantities
• Considering an alternating current
represented by the equation
• i= Im sin t.
• Line OP represent to scale the
maximum value Im. Imagine line OP
called as phasor, to be rotating in
anticlockwise direction at an angular
velocity of  rad/sec about the point O.
• OM = OP sinθ
• The projection of the phasor OP on Y axis at any
instant gives the value of current at that instant.
• Then when 0 = 900, the projection on Y axis is OP

(= Im) itself.
• That the value of current at this instant (i.e. at θ or

t= 900) is Im can be readily established if we put θ =
90 0) in the current equation.
• The length of the phasor represents the
maximum value and the angle with axis of
reference (X axis) indicates the phase of the
alternating quantity i.e current.
• Advantage :
• Quickly obtain the numerical values and also
picture – instantaneous value
• Permits addition and subtraction of

alternating voltage or current.
Phasor diagram of Sine waves of same
frequency
v = Vm sin t
i = Im sin (t - Φ)
Addition of Alternating Quantities:
• Alternating voltages and currents are phasors.

Added in same manner as addition of forces.
• Only phasor of same kind may be added.
• 1. Parallelogram method
• 2. Component method
Parallelogram method
• Addition of two phasors at a
time.
• Two Phasors are represented
in magnitude and direction
by adjacent sides of a
Parallelogram.
• The diagonal of the

parallelogram represents the
maximum value of resultant.
• Consider two alternating currents i1 and i2
flowing in the two branches of a circuit.
• Can add two or more phasors.
• Each phasor is resolved into horizontal and

vertical components.
• The horizontals are summed up algebraically to

give the resultant horizontal component X.
• The vertical are likewise summed up algebraically
to give the resultant vertical component Y.
Subtraction of alternating quantities
• If difference of two phasors is required, then
one of the phasors is reversed and this
reversed phasor is then compounded with the
other phasor using parallelogram method or
method of components.
• Consider two phasors, OA and OB representing two
alternating quantities of same kind.
• The phasor OB leads the phasor OA by . If it is required to
subtract the phasor OB from OA, then OB is reversed and
compounded with phasor OA as in Fig. The phasor difference
OA-OB is given by the phasor OC.
Phasor diagram using RMS values
• Instead of drawing phasor diagram using
maximum values, it is common to draw it
using r.m.s values.
• This does not alter the phase difference (Φ)
between the phasors because only the length
of the phasors are changed.

Phasor Representation of AC

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Phasor Representation of AC

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Phasor representation of single

• They do not stop after one cycle is completed

• In an alternating quantity, sine waves have a positive

• Phase of a particular value of an alternating

• Voltage and current have different phases.

• They don’t pass through a particular point, say, zero

• When two alternating quantities of the same

• Consider an A.C. Circuit in which current i lags

• The equations of voltage and current are:

• By representing sinusoidal AC voltage or Current by a

• Such a rotating line is called Phasor.

• And angular velocity equal to the angular

• Then when 0 = 900, the projection on Y axis is OP

• That the value of current at this instant (i.e. at θ or

• Permits addition and subtraction of

• Alternating voltages and currents are phasors.

• Only phasor of same kind may be added.

• The diagonal of the

• Each phasor is resolved into horizontal and

• The horizontals are summed up algebraically to

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