Chapter 2

Network Models

2.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

2.2
 Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is an
ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications. It was first introduced in the late
1970s.

• It is a set of protocols that allow any two diff systems to

communicate regardless of their underlying
architecture

2.4
 Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

2.5
 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.6
  Each layer defines a family of functions
distinct from other

 Each layer uses the services of the layer

just below it within a single machine

 Layer x communicate with layer x on

another machine

2.7
 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.8
  Each layer in the sending device adds its own
infmn to the message it receives from the layer
just above it and passes the whole package to
layer below it

 The passing of data and network information

down through the layers of sending device and
back up in the receiving device is by an interface
between each pair of adjacent layers

2.9
 User Support Layers

Network Support Layers

2.10
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.11
 Encapsulation
 The data portion of a packet at level N-1
carries the whole packet from level N

 ie A packet(header and data) at level 7 is

encapsulated in a packet at level 6

2.12
 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each

layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.13
 PHYSICAL LAYER
It is concerned with
 Physical Characteristics of interface and

medium
 Representation of bits(type of encoding)

 Data rate or transmission rate

 Synchronization of bits

 Line configuration

 Physical topology

 Transmission mode

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

2.14 individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
 Physical layer

2.15
 Data link layer
 Framing
 Physical addressing
 Flow control
 Error control
 Access control
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
2.16
 Data link layer

2.17
 Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.18
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.19
 NETWORK LAYER

 Logical Addressing

 Routing
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.20
 Source-to-destination delivery

2.21
 TRANSPORT LAYER
 Service point addressing
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Connection control
 Flow control
 Error control
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
2.22
 Transport layer

Process to process delivery of entire message

2.23
 Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.24
 SESSION LAYER-DIALOG CONTROL

 Dialog control

 Synchronization
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.

2.25
Session layer-network dialog controller

Establishes,maintains and synchronizes the interaction among commn systems

2.26
 PRESENTATION LAYER
 Translation
 Encryption
 Compression
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.

2.27
 Presentation layer

Syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems

2.28
 Application layer
 Network virtual terminal
 File transfer, access and management
 Mail services
 Directory services

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.
2.29
 Application layer

Provides user interface and support for services such as email,remote file access and
Transfer, other types of distributed information services
2.30
 Summary of layers

2.31
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,

data link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.32
 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.33
 2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.34
 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.35
 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.36
 Physical Address
 Known as link address—address of the
node
 Included in the frame used by data link
layer(used inside a network)
 Lowest layer address
 Ethernet—6byte
 Localtalk(Apple)—1 byte dynamic

2.37
 Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a

frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.

2.38
 Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

2.39
 Example 2.2

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical

address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.40
 Logical Address
 For universal communication,where
different networks have different formats
 A 32 bit address uniquely defines a host
connected to the internet
 No two hosts on the internet can have the
same IP address

2.41
 Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers

connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

2.42
 Figure 2.20 IP addresses

Physical address will change from hop to hop but logical address remains same
2.43
 Port Address
 Label asssigned to a process
 16 bits in length
 It ensures that data moves exactly from
one process in the source to the current
running process in the destination

2.44
 Example 2.4

Figure shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

2.45
 Figure 2.21 Port addresses

2.46
 Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.47
 Example 2.5

A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one

decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.

2.48
 Specific Address

 User friendly addresses

 E-mail, URL etc

2.49