Amity School of Business

Amity School of Business

BBA, Semester 1
Computer in Management
Ms Bhawana Gupta

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MODULE-3

INTERNET

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INTERNET
INTERNET is defined as interconnection of networks. Internet allows
computers on different kinds of networks to interact each other .
The Internet has made things simple. It can be used for following:
1. Direct Communications
2. Online shopping
3. Distance Education
4. Banking
5. Knowledge Base
6. Travel
7. Bill Payments….etc.

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History and Evolution

• The seeds of Internet were planted in 1970’s U.S Department of
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), developed
the ARPANET (acronym for Advanced Research Project NETwork) as
a WAN to connect different computers and later to connect computer
on different network. Internetworking became focus of research at
ARPA. During their research, DARPA set up design goals for
themselves, which included-1) the ability to interconnect different
types of network 2) to connect through alternate path if some path gets
destroyed and 3) to support applications of various types like audio,
video etc.

• Based on the design goals, a protocol named TCP/IP was developed

for computer communication (Protocol is a network term used to
indicate the set of rules used for computer communication. TCP/IP has
become the protocol for Internet.
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History and Evolution

• In late 1970’s another federal agency, the National Science
Foundation (NSF) created a new high capacity network called NSFnet,
which was more capable than ARPANET.

• NSFnet allowed only the academic research on its network and not
any kind of private business on it. This allowed scientists across the
country to share data and interact with each other for their research
projects. So many private companies built their own networks, which
were later interconnected along with ARPANET and NSFnet to form
Internet.

• In 1980’s , many internet application like e-mail, newsgroups, file

transfer facility and remote login were developed.

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History and Evolution

• In the early 1990’s a new applications WWW changed the
way in which internet was used. WWW is a system of
creating, organizing, and linking documents, and was created
by British scientist Tim Lee. A protocol based on hypertext
was developed that allowed the documents and content on
WWW to be connected via hyperlink.

• Internet and WWW which are interconnection of networks ,

and interconnection of documents and resources respectively
has wired the whole world together.

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Who Governs the Internet

Internet is not governed by any particular body. It is coordinated (not
governed) by many volunteer organizations. There is no single
authoritative organization. Various volunteer organizations are
responsible for different types of activities as listed below:-
1) Internet Society (ISOC): Provide information about Internet.
Responsible for development of standards and protocols related to
Internet.
2) The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is responsible for developing
of Internet architecture. Advisory group of ISOC (Internet Society).
3) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for
discussing and investigating the operational and technical problems of
Internet.
4) The Internet Network Information (InterNIC) is responsible for
domain name registration.

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Intranet and Extranet

Intranet – internal, private network using Web technologies to facilitate
transmission of information within the organization

Extranet – a private inter-organizational information system

• Connects the intranets of two or more companies in a business
alliance
• Also known as an extended intranet
• Alliances sometimes referred to as e-marketplaces
- Plays an important role in the global business strategy of
many companies
- Enables them to build alliances with vendors, suppliers, and
other organizations internationally
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Intranet System Architecture

Firewalls – hardware devices with special software that
prevent unauthorized access

• An intranet server is placed behind the firewall

• Packets are never routed outside the firewall, but remain
within the organizations network

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Intranet Architecture

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Extranet System Architecture

– Extranet
• Connects two or more business partners
• Like an intranet
• Same software, hardware, and networking
• Additional component:
– Virtual Private Network (VPN)
– Secure transmission of proprietary info

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Extranet System Architecture

– Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Tunneling
– A technology that encapsulates, encrypts, and transmits
data over the Internet
– A secure “tunnel” is created over the VPN connecting
the two intranets
• Authentication
– Confirms the identity of the remote user who is
attempting to access information from the Web server

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Internet Protocols
• Internet Protocols are required to transfer data over networks and / or the
Internet in an efficient manner. When various computers are connected
through a computer network, it becomes necessary to use a protocol to
efficiently use network bandwidth and avoid collisions.
• A network protocol defines languages that contains rules and conventions
for reliable communication between different devices over the network.
• There are a number of Internet protocols used. The most commonly used
protocols are:
- Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
- HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- Telnet

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Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
TCP/IP is the communications protocol for the Internet. The TCP/IP
protocol has two parts: TCP and IP.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): provides reliable transport

service i.e. it ensures that messages sent from sender to receiver are
properly routed and arrive interact at the destination.

TCP converts messages into a set of packages at the source, which are
then reassembled back into messages at the destination. For this, TCP
operates with the packet switching techniques, which is described as
follows:
• The messages is divided into small packets.

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Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
• Each packet contains address, sequencing information, and error control
information.
• The address is used to route the packet to its destination.
• Since multiple users can send or receive information over the same
communication line. The sequencing information in the packet is used to
reassemble the packets in order, at their destination.
• The error control information is used ti check that the packet arrived at the
destination is the same as that sent from the source.
Internet Protocol (IP) : Handles the address part of each packet so that
it is delivered to the right destination. Usually, each gateway computer
on the network checks this address to identify where to forward the
message. This implies that all the packets of a message are delivered to
the destination regardless of the route used for delivering the packets.

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HyperText Transfer Protocol(HTTP)

• HTTP is a protocol for transferring files (text, image, sound, video
and other multimedia files) using the Internet.
• Its defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what
actions Web servers and Web browsers should take in response to
the commands issued.
• HTTP is based on Client/server architecture where your Web
browser acts as a HTTP client making requests to the Web server
machines.
• HTTP is a stateless protocol, which means each request is processed
independently ,without any knowledge of the previous request.

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• FTP is an Internet tool used for copying file from one computer to
another. It gives access to directories or folders on remote computers, and
allows software, data and text files to be transferred between different
kinds of computers. Using a FTP program or a web browser, the user can
log onto an FTP host computers over Internet and copy files onto their
own computer.

• FTP works on the client-server model. FTP client is a program running on

the user’s computer that enables the user to talk to, and get files from
remote computers. FTP server is the remote computer or the host
computer from which files are accessed by the FTP client.

• It is the simplest and most commonly used protocol for downloading

/uploading a file from / to a server.

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Telnet (Terminal Network)

• Telnet services enables an Internet user to log into another computer
on the Internet from his/her local computer. That is a user can
execute the telnet command on his/her local computer to start a login
session on a remote computer. This action is also called “remote
login”.

• To start a remote login session, a user types the command telnet and
address of the remote computer on his/her local computer terminal.
Then system asks the user to enter a login name and a password.
That is the remote computer authenticates the user to ensure that
he/she is authorized to access it.

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Telnet
• If the user specifies a correct login and password, he /she is logged
on to remote computer, once login session is established with
remote computer, telnet enter input mode and anything typed on
the terminal of the local computer by the user is sent to the remote
computer for processing.

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Internet Addressing
• Internet consists of a large number of computers connected with each
other, it requires a proper addressing system to uniquely identify each
computer in the network. Each computer connected to the Internet is
associated with a unique number and or a name called computer
address.

• To access any WEB PAGES on a computer, you would require the

computer address

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IP Address
• An IP address is a unique number associated with each computer making it
uniquely identifiable within all the computers connected to the Internet.
This is a 32 bit number and is divided into four octets such as 00001010
00000000 00000000 00000110

• For human readability, it is represented in a decimal notation, separating

each octet with a period. The above number would therefore be represented
as 10.0.0.6

• Each octet can range from 0-255, this IP addresses lie between 0.0.0.0. to
255.255.255.255

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Domain Naming System

• A Domain Name is a way to identify and locate computers
connected to the Internet. No two organisations can have the same
domain name.

• A domain name always contains two or more components

separated by periods called “dots: some example of domain names
are ibm.com, nasa.gov etc. One a domain name has been
established, “subdomains“ can be created within domain . For
example, the domain name of or a large company could be
“vni.com” and within this domain, subdomain can be created for
each of the company’s regional offices. The structure for this is
hostname.subdomain.second-level-domain.top-level domain.

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Domain Naming System

• There are two types of domains – Geographic Domains and Non-Geographic Domains

Non-Geographic Domains
• Com – Commercial entities
• Edu – Educational institutions
• Net - Organisations directly involved in the Internet
operations,such as network providers and information
centers
• Gov – United States Federal Government entities
• Mil – United States military
• Co - For Companies
• Org - For non-profit organizations
• Ac - For academics

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Domain Naming System

• Geographic Domains

au – Australia
ca – Canada
fr – France
uk – United Kingdom
in – India
il – Israel
pk - Pakistan

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

• A web page on the Internet is uniquely identified by its address,
called URL. URL is the address on the Internet at which the web
page resides. The user uses this address to get a web page from the
Internet. The general form of URL is
protocol ://address /path
where,
• protocol defines the method used to access the web pages e.g http
• address is the Internet address of the server where the web page
resides. It contains the service (e.g. WWW) and the domain name
(e.g google.com), and
• path is the location of web page on the server.

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Web Browser
• Web Browser is a software that extracts information on user
request from the Internet and presents it as a web page to the user.

• It is also referred to as the user interface of the web. Some of the

popular web browsers are Internet Explorer from Microsoft,
Mosaic browser, Google’s chrome and Netscape Navigator from
Netscape.

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E-mailing
• Electronic mail (E-mail) is an electronic message transmitted over a
network from one user to another. E0mail is a text-based consisting of
lines of text, and can include attachments such as audio messages,
pictures and documents. The features of e-mail are as follows:

• E-mail can be sent to one person or more than one person at the same
time.
• Communicating via e-mail does not require physical presence of the
recipient. The recipient can open the e-mail at his /her convenience.
• since message are transmitted electronically, e-mail is a fast way to
communicate with the people in your office or to people located in a
distant country as compared to postal system.
•E-mail messages can be sent at any time of the day……etc 28
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Internet Services
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
• Internet Content Providers
• World Wide Web
• Application Service Providers (ASPs)

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Internet Service Provider

• An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to
as an Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers its
customers access to the Internet typically for a fee. The ISP
connects to its customers using a data transmission technology
appropriate for delivering Internet Protocol Paradigm, such as
dial-up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line is a broadband connection
that allows connecting to Internet over the existing telephone
lines.), cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed
interconnects.

• ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow

them to communicate with one another by sending and receiving
electronic messages through their ISP's servers

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Internet Content Providers

Internet content providers supply the information that is available
through the Internet. Internet content providers can be commercial
businesses, nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, and more.

Some examples of Internet content providers are listed below:-

a) A photographer who posts samples of her best work on a web page.
b) A political action group that sponsors an online forum for discussions
about topics that interest its members.
c) An individual who publishes his opinion on various subjects to an online
journal.
d) A software company that creates a Web site to provide information and
software downloads.
e) A national newspaper that maintains an online site to provide up-to-the-
minute news, feature stories and video clips.

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World Wide Web

• WWW (also called as Web) is a large scale, online store of information. It
is a system of creating, organizing and linking of documents. Information
is stored on WWW as a collection of documents that are interconnected
with each other via links. The interconnected documents may be located
on one or more than one computer, worldwide, thus, the name world wide
web. The features of WWW and terms linked to WWW are given below:-
• The documents on web are created in hypertext format. Hypertext
facilitates linking of documents.
• The language used to create a hypertext format document is HyperText
Markup Language.
• The hypertext format document is transferred on the Web using Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• A single hypertext document is called a Web page.

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World Wide Web

• A group of related web pages is called a Web site.
• A first web page or main page of a website is called Home page.
• The web pages are stored on the Internet on the Web Server.
• Web Servers are host computers that can store thousands of web
pages.
• The process of storing a web page on a web server is called
uploading.
• The process of retrieving a web page from a web server onto the
user’s computer is downloading.
• The web pages stored on web sever on the Internet, can be viewed
from the user’s computer using a tool called Web browser.

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World Wide Web

• Every web page is identified on Internet by its address , also
called Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

• A web portal is a web site that presents information from

different sources and makes then available in a unified way. A
web portal enables the user to reach fir any type of
information from a single location. i.e. the home page of the
web portal. A web portal generally consists of a search engine,
advertisements and an extensive lists of links to other sites etc.
www.google.co.in are popular web portals.

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Application Service Providers (ASPs)

Application service providers (ASPs) are companies that manage and
distribute software-based services to customers over the Internet. Instead
of providing access to the Internet like ISPs do, ASPs provide access to
software applications via the Internet.
In essence, ASPs rent access to software programs to companies
or individuals- typically, customers pay a monthly or yearly fee to use
each application.
The advantages to using an ASP over buying software outright include
less up-front cost and the ability to try out a software program without
potentially wasting money purchasing software that might not fit the
customer’s needs. In addition, all users see the most up-to-date software
each time they use the application, since the software is located on the
ASP’s server and can be updated as needed.

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Internet Applications
• Customer support service
• On-line communications
• Software sharing
• Feedback about products
• In-line journals and magazines
• Newgroups
• On-line shopping
• World-wide video conferencing
• VOIP

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Internet - Advantages
• Employment Opportunities
• High Speed
• 24*7
• Knowledge Reservoir
• Interactive Communication
• Business on the Internet
• Direct contacts between customers and organisations
• Reduction of Uncertainty
• Cost Effective
• Source of Entertainment
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Internet - Disadvantages
• Internet Crime
• Virus attacks
• Privacy Issues
• Physical Ailments

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