The different types of Steels and
their uses are as follows
High-Carbon Steel
•It is also used in the making of axes, swords, scissors and
other cutting tools.
Medium Carbon Steel
•They are used in the making of tool frames and springs.
Stainless Steel
•This steel is used in the making of crockery, wrist watches,
kitchen utensils, cutlery and surgical equipment.
High Speed Steel
•Basically this steel is used in the making of tools that
cut other metals.
Cobalt Steel
•It is too like the high speed steel is used for drilling
purposes.
Nickel Chromium Steel
•It is commonly used as an armor plate.
Aluminum Steel
•it is used in the making of furniture.
Chromium Steel
•They are used in the making of Automobile
and airplane parts.
Alloy Steels
•contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel,
titanium, copper, chromium, and aluminum)
•Manipulate the steel's properties, such as its hardenability,
corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weld ability or
ductility.
•Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts,
transformers, power generators and electric motors.
Manganese Steel
Due to its excellent work hardening characteristics and wear
resistance, manganese steel is used in manufacturing complex
railway tracks.
Vanadium steel
Vanadium steel is known for its corrosion-resistant properties as
well as the ability to absorb shocks. Besides being used for
chemical-carrying pipes and tubes, vanadium steel is used in the
form of a thin layer to bond titanium to steel for aerospace
applications
10-6 BAR SPLICIN, CUTTING AND BEND POINTS
A. TENSION BARS MAY BE SPLICED BY:
1. WELDING
2. TYING
3.SLEEVES
4. MECHANICAL DEVICE WHICH WILL PROVIDE FULL
POSITIVE CONNECTION BETWEEN BARS.
B. COMPRESSION BARS MAY BE
SPLICED BY:
1. LAPPING
2. DIRECT END BEARING
3. WELDING
4. MECHANICAL DEVICE WHICH WILL
PROVIDE FULL POSITIVE
CONNECTIONS.
• SPLICING METAL REINFORCEMENT
UNDER COMPRESSION LOAD, THE
CODE FURTHER SPECIFIES THAT:
“The compressive splice shall not be
less than 30 cm”.
The ACI Code on bar cutting and bending
points states:
• “Every bar shall be continued to at least a
distance to the effective depth of beam or
12 bar diameter whichever is larger.”
• At least 1/3 of the positive moment of steel
(bottom bars) shall be continued
uninterrupted along the same face of the
beam to distance of at least 15
centimeters into the support.
• At least 1/3 of the negative moment (top
reinforcing bars) shall be extended beyond
the extreme position not less than 1/6 of
the clear beam whichever is greater.
TABLE 10-7 MINIMUM DIAMETER OF
BEND FOR STANDARD HOOK
Example:
No. 4 steel bar is = 12 mm or 1.2 centimeters. Multiply by 6
bar diameter =7.2 centimeters. This will be the diameter of
bend for standard hook.
STANDARD HOOK
10-7 Structural Steel
• As builders become more aware of the value of time and
manpower costs, the use of prefabricated building parts
gained wide acceptance.
• Some construction companies have diversified
investment in mass production of prefabricated homes
relying on the conventional farming method but applying
technique of mass production aimed at minimizing
custom job work without sacrificing the quality of the of
the work.
• National Association of Home builders for experimental
houses include:
Pre-cut steel post, beam and founding system.
1. Combination of sheeting as siding finished with polyvinyl
fluoride film.
2. Vinyl finished interior wall board
3. Combination of sub flooring completely assembled at the
factory.
4. Reinforced plastic shower stall and roofing coated with
hypalan plastic to rafters by a concealed nailing strips.
The most common shape of structural steel
used in building construction are:
1.Square bar 6. I- Beam
2.Round bar 7. T- Beam
3.Angular bar 8. H- Column
4.Plate bar 9. Wide Flange
5.Channels 10. zee bars
SQUARE BAR
• Metals are widely used in many industries for general assembly
or manufacturing. They are also used for general repairs of plant
equipment and railings. Common applications include
ornamental iron work, gates and protective barriers on windows.
ROUND BAR
• Cold rolled round bar is used for applications where a
superior surface finish and exact dimensions are essential.
Some common applications of steel round bar include
frameworks, supports, braces, shafts, and axles.
ANGULAR BAR
• An angle bar is a steel material which is an angle shape
with inside radius corners that is ideal for all structural
applications. An angle bar is also used to turn the web
when feeding from the side, or to bypass the former
folder.
CHANNELS
• Used primarily in building construction and civil
engineering. Its cross section consists of a wide "web",
usually but not always oriented vertically, and two
"flanges" at the top and bottom of the web, only sticking
out on one side of the web.
VARIOUS SHAPES OF
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• Sections or shape- is the product of rolled mill used as structural
members by the shape of theirs cross sections.
Simplified Methods on Building Construction
• Regular Sections- refers to those commonly used with higher demand.
• Special Section- are those frequently used and rolled only upon demand or
special arrangement.
• Plate and Bars- are available in various sizes specified under ASTM A& or
ASTM A36 for building and bridges =. Flat steel is generally for structural
use classified as:
1.BARS
a. 15cm. Less in width with 0.51 cm thickness
b. 15cm to 20 cm wide by 6mm thick
2. PLATES
a. Over 20cm wide by 6 mm thick
b. Over 120 cm wide by 4.5mm thick or more
• Angular bar is either equal legs or
unequal legs. Angel bar is designed as <,
such as:
<10 x 10 x ½ for angels of equal legs
<15 x 10 x ½ for angels or unequal
legs.
ANGULAR BAR
• WIDE FLANGE Wide Flange Sections are described as W12x24, meaning a
depth of 24 and weighs 12 kilogram per meter length.
A wide flange beam is a type of building material used to construct homes,
bridges, and other structures. Like the standard I-beam, it features a profile that
resembles the letter "I" or "H." A central web connects the two parallel end
units, known as flanges.
• STANDARD I- BEAM – Used as column is
uneconomical because the whirl or revolving
action of the structure about an axis through the
centroid parallel to the web of the I beam is
comparatively small.
• H – Bearing piles – is suitable for pile driving on deep
excavation, but it is much more suitable then I- beam for
columns.
Used in beam various industries for deep foundation.
ZEE SECTION
Is another structural steel in a form of letter Z. It is not
commonly used in building construction except in the
fabrication of steel windows and other frames
Tee Section
Tee Section, also known as T beam or T bar, is a structural beam with
a “T” shaped cross section. Tee section is generally made of plain
carbon steel. Manufacturing methods of “T” sections are hot rolling,
extrusion and plate welding. T bars are often used for general
fabrication
