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Matrix Method in Parallel Optics

This document discusses using matrix methods to analyze optical systems. It explains that in the paraxial approximation, changes in height and direction of a ray passing through an optical system can be expressed by linear equations. Individual optical elements like lenses can be represented by matrices, and entire systems can be analyzed by multiplying the matrices. Key properties of a system can be deduced from its overall matrix, such as whether it forms real or virtual images, its focal length, or if it acts as a telescope.

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Muhammad Nadeem ishaq
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436 views25 pages

Matrix Method in Parallel Optics

This document discusses using matrix methods to analyze optical systems. It explains that in the paraxial approximation, changes in height and direction of a ray passing through an optical system can be expressed by linear equations. Individual optical elements like lenses can be represented by matrices, and entire systems can be analyzed by multiplying the matrices. Key properties of a system can be deduced from its overall matrix, such as whether it forms real or virtual images, its focal length, or if it acts as a telescope.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Nadeem ishaq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrix Method

in
Paraxial Optics
The Matrix Method
An optical system consists of several elements, for example

The four and five lenses that constitutes a photographic lens.


• We need a systematic approach that facilates the
analysis.

• So, we restrict our analysis to parallel rays.

• We now present a treatment of image formation that


employ matrices to describe changes in the height and
angle of the ray as it makes its way by successive,

Reflections and Refractions through an optical system.


• In the paraxial approximation,
changes in height and direction of ray can be expressed
by linear equations that make this matrix approach
possible.
• By combining matrices that represent individual
refraction, reflection, and translations, a given optical
system may be represented by a single matrix from
which the essential properties of the composite optical
system may be deduced.
1. The translation Matrix
Consider a simple translation of the ray in a homogeneous medium as in fig 5.Let
the axial progress of the ray be L, as shown such that at a point 1, the elevation
and direction of the ray are given by “ coordinate” y1 and α1
2. The Refraction matrix

Cosider the refraction of a ray at a spherical interface seperating media


of refractive index n and nˊ as shown. We need to relate the ray
coordinates ( ý, ά) after refraction, (y, α ) . Since refraction occurs at a
point, there is no change in elevation, and y = ý
Incorporating the paraxial form of Snell’s law
nɵ = nˊɵˊ
3.The reflection Matrix
SIGNIFICANCE

OF

SYSTEM MATRIX

ELEMENTS
1. D = 0.
In this case αf = Cy0 , independent of α0 .
Since y0 is fixed, this means that all rays leaving a
point in the input plane will have the same angle α f
at the out put plane, independent of their angles at
input.As shown in fig (a), the input plane thus
coinsides with the first focal plane of the optical
system.
2. A = 0.
Here yf = Bα0
Implies that yf is independent of y0 . So all rays
leaving a point in the input plane will have the
same angle, regardless of altitude,will arriveat
the same altitude yf at the out put plane. As
shown in fig (b), the ouput plane thus functions
as the second focal plane.
3. B = 0.
Then yf = Ay0 , independent of α0 .

Thus all rays from a point at height y0 in the input plane


arrive at the same piont of height yf in the out put
plane.,The points are then related as object and image
points, As shown fig (c), and the input and output
planes correspond to conjugate planes for the optical
system. Furthermore, since A = yf / y0 the matrix
element A represents the linear magnification.
4. C = 0.
Now αf = Dα0 , independent of y0 .
This case is analogus to case 3, with directions
replacing ray heights. In put rays, all of one
direction, now produce parallel out put rays in
some other direction. A system for which C = 0 is
some times called a “Telescopic system” because a
telescope admits parallel rays into its objective and
out put parallel rays for viewing from its eye piece.
Reference

Introduction to
OPTICS
Third edition
• Frank L. Pedrotti, S.j .Leno M. Pedrotti . Leno s. Pedrotti

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