This document discusses various ultrasound testing methods and techniques. It describes the pulse echo method, through transmission, and resonance method as the basic ultrasonic methods. It then focuses on the pulse echo testing technique, including the normal beam technique using single, double, and TR probes, as well as the angle beam technique. Immersion testing techniques are also covered. Formulas for velocity correction and calculating skip distances are provided.
This document discusses various ultrasound testing methods and techniques. It describes the pulse echo method, through transmission, and resonance method as the basic ultrasonic methods. It then focuses on the pulse echo testing technique, including the normal beam technique using single, double, and TR probes, as well as the angle beam technique. Immersion testing techniques are also covered. Formulas for velocity correction and calculating skip distances are provided.
This document discusses various ultrasound testing methods and techniques. It describes the pulse echo method, through transmission, and resonance method as the basic ultrasonic methods. It then focuses on the pulse echo testing technique, including the normal beam technique using single, double, and TR probes, as well as the angle beam technique. Immersion testing techniques are also covered. Formulas for velocity correction and calculating skip distances are provided.
This document discusses various ultrasound testing methods and techniques. It describes the pulse echo method, through transmission, and resonance method as the basic ultrasonic methods. It then focuses on the pulse echo testing technique, including the normal beam technique using single, double, and TR probes, as well as the angle beam technique. Immersion testing techniques are also covered. Formulas for velocity correction and calculating skip distances are provided.
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ULTRA SOUND TESTING
TOPIC:- TEST METHODS AND
TECHNIQUES Contents Basic Ultrasonic Methods Pulse echo method Through transmission Resonance method Pulse echo testing Technique Normal beam Technique Applications of contact type Normal beam probes Using single crystal probes Using TR probe Angle beam technique Immersion testing techniques Thickness measurement by pulse echo methods Basic Ultrasonic methods Ultrasonic waves arriving at an interface between two media are partially reflected into the medium from which they are incident and partially transmitted into the other medium. These are; Through transmission Pulse echo method Resonance method Pulse Echo Method Most commonly utilized in UT. Transmitter and receiver probes are on the same side of the specimen/job/workpiece. Defect orientation is cleared It takes double time of flight to again receive on probe in comparison to through transmission. Through Transmission Two ultrasonic probes are used One for transmitter probe and another for receiver probe. Utilises transmitted part of the ultrasonic wave. Does not give the size and location of defect/discontinuity. It only shows that defect is present or not. Presence of defect is shown by reduction of signal amplitude on the flaw detector screen. In this method only material is been checked whether it is good or not. Used for composite material. Resonance method Resonance condition ; it exists when t=λ/2 or in the multiple of whole number t- thickness λ-wavelength Resonance have variable frequency Pulse echo and through transmission have fixed frequency. Pulse echo testing techniques
Normal beam technique
Ultrasonic beam is projected perpendicular to the test specimen. Technique may use single, double, TR normal beam probes. Single normal beam probe;- Transducer of the probe acts as both transmitter and receiver. Double normal beam probe;- more useful when the specimen shape is irregular and the back surface is not parallel with the front surface. One probe transmit and another probe receives the beam and echo from thee flaws and represent them on the screen . In TR probe two transducers are in the same case. Single probe TR PROBE Contact Type Testing Using single crystal probes: Using TR probes: Angle beam technique Single crystal probe Thickness measurement Calibration of CRT screen in millimetres using a calibration block. Thickness of test piece can be read by using single or multiple backwall echoes. Smallest wall thickness measured with thee multiple echo method is 3mm. TR probes TR probe can measure least thickness 1 mm and results in a very good near surface resolution. Calibration for TR probe is made up by step-wedge block. It has two crystals one is transmitter and another is receiver and fixed at some angle (2-3 degree) Laminations check Velocity Correction If the calibration block used for the same time base calibration is a different material than that of the material of the specimen has to be corrected for the difference in velocity in the calibration block. Formula;- Thickness of specimen=indicated thickness*(longitudinal velocity in specimen/longitudinal velocity in calibration block) Angle beam technique The angle beam technique is used to transmit ultrasonic waves into a test specimen at a predetermined angle to the test surface. According to the angle selected , the wave modes produced in the test specimen may be mixed longitudinal and transverse , transverse only or surface waves mode. Transverse waves at various angle of refraction between 35 degree to 80 degree are used to locate defects Common terminology;- • Half skip distance(HSD) • Full skip distance(FSD) • Half skip beam path( • Full skip beam path Continued… • FORMULA;- • HSD= t*tanθ • FSD=2*HSD • H S BEAM PATH= t/cosθ • FSBPL=2*HSBP ANGLE PROBE Immersion Testing Immersion testing techniques is mainly used in in the laboratory for automatic work for large installations. It has advantage of uniform couplant conditions obtained , longitudinal and transverse waves can be generated with the same probe simply by changing the incident angle. In the rough surface area we can perform immersion testing successfully. Best is dipped all things in couplant. When the couplant layer is sufficient enough to separate the entry surface and initial pulse then it is called to be immersion testing . When layer is in microns than it can be ignored and called contact testing. THANK YOU