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    Rainfall-Run Off Relation

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    pat cruz
    Rainfall is the primary source of water for runoff, which can occur as surface runoff, subsurface runoff, or base flow. The rate and volume of runoff from an area is mainly influenced by climatic factors like rainfall intensity, duration, and distribution, as well as physiographic factors of the watershed like its size, shape, slope, and soil characteristics. Engineers can use unit hydrographs to compute runoff volumes from rainfall by treating a unit depth of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over the watershed.

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    Rainfall-Run Off Relation

    Uploaded by

    pat cruz
    22 views19 pages
    Rainfall is the primary source of water for runoff, which can occur as surface runoff, subsurface runoff, or base flow. The rate and volume of runoff from an area is mainly influenced by climatic factors like rainfall intensity, duration, and distribution, as well as physiographic factors of the watershed like its size, shape, slope, and soil characteristics. Engineers can use unit hydrographs to compute runoff volumes from rainfall by treating a unit depth of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over the watershed.

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    HYDRO-REPORT

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    Rainfall is the primary source of water for runoff, which can occur as surface runoff, subsurface runoff, or base flow. The rate and volume of runoff from an area is mainly influenced by climatic factors like rainfall intensity, duration, and distribution, as well as physiographic factors of the watershed like its size, shape, slope, and soil characteristics. Engineers can use unit hydrographs to compute runoff volumes from rainfall by treating a unit depth of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over the watershed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    22 views19 pages

    Rainfall-Run Off Relation

    Uploaded by

    pat cruz
    Rainfall is the primary source of water for runoff, which can occur as surface runoff, subsurface runoff, or base flow. The rate and volume of runoff from an area is mainly influenced by climatic factors like rainfall intensity, duration, and distribution, as well as physiographic factors of the watershed like its size, shape, slope, and soil characteristics. Engineers can use unit hydrographs to compute runoff volumes from rainfall by treating a unit depth of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over the watershed.

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    of 19

    RAINFALL-RUN

    OFF RELATION
    Rainfall is the primary source of water for runoff generation
    over the land surface.
    TYPES OF RUNOFF

    1- SURFACE RUNOFF
    2- SUBSURFACE RUNOFF
    3- BASE FLOW
    SURFACE THE RUNOFF - IS THAT PORTION OF RAINFALL,
    WHICH ENTERS THE STREAM IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE
    RAINFALL.

    SUBSURFACE RUNOFF - IS THAT PART OF RAINFALL,


    WHICH FIRST LEACHES INTO THE SOIL AND MOVES
    LATERALLY
    WITHOUT JOINING THE WATER TABLE, TO THE STREAMS,
    RIVERS, SEA OR WADIS.

    BASE FLOW - IS DELAYED FLOW, DEFINED AS THAT PART


    OF RAINFALL, WHICH AFTER FALLING ON THE GROUND
    SURFACE, INFILTRATE INTO THE SOIL AND MEETS TO THE
    WATER TABLE.
    FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF

    THE RUNOFF RATE AND ITS VOLUME FROM


    AN AREA, MAINLY INFLUENCED BY
    FOLLOWING TWO FACTORS:
    • CLIMATIC FACTORS
    • PHYSIOGRAPHIC FACTORS
    CLIMATIC FACTORS
    TYPE OF PRECIPITATION - A PRECIPITATION WHICH OCCURS IN FORM OF RAINFALL,
    STARTS IMMEDIATELY IN FORM OF SURFACE FLOW OVER THE LAND SURFACE, WHILE
    A PRECIPITATION WHICH TAKE PLACE IN FORM OF SNOW OR HAILS, THE FLOW OF
    WATER ON GROUND SURFACE WILL NOT TAKE PLACE IMMEDIATELY, BUT AFTER
    MELTING OF THE SAME.

    RAINFALL INTENSITY - IF RAINFALL INTENSITY GREATER THAN INFILTRATION RATE OF


    THE SOIL, THE SURFACE RUNOFF TAKES PLACE VERY SHORTLY, WHILE IN CASE OF LOW
    INTENSITY RAINFALL, THERE IS FUND A REVERSE TREND TO THE SAME. THUS, HIGH
    INTENSITIES RAINFALL YIELD HIGHER RUNOFF FORM OF PRECIPITATION
    DURATION OF RAINFALL - RAINFALL DURATION IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE
    VOLUME OF RUNOFF, DUE TO THE FACT, THAT INFILTRATION RATE OF THE SOIL
    GOES ON DECREASING WITH THE DURATION OF RAINFALL, TILL IT ATTAINS A
    CONSTANT RATE.

    RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION - RUNOFF FROM A WATERSHED DEPENDS VERY MUCH


    ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL, THE RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION FOR THIS
    PROPOSE CAN BE EXPRESSED BY THE TERM OF DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT,
    WHICH MY BE DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF MAX. RAINFALL AT APPOINT TO THE
    MEAN RAINFALL OF THE WATERSHED. THE GREATER VALUE OF THE
    DISTRIBUTION COEFF., GRATER THE PEAK RUNOFF.
    DIRECTION OF THE PREVAILING WIND - IF THE DIRECTION OF
    THE PREVAILING WIND IS SAME, AS THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
    THEN IT HAS A GREAT INFLUENCE ON THE RESULTING PEAK FLOW
    AND ALSO ON DURATION OF SURFACE FLOW, TO REACH THE
    OUTLET. A STORM MOVING IN THE DIRECTION OF STREAM
    SLOPE, PRODUCES A HIGHER PEAK IN SHORTER PERIOD OF TIME,
    THAN THE STORM MOVING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION
    PHYSIOGRAPHIC FACTORS
    - SIZE OF WATERSHED
    - SHAPE OF WATERSHED
    - SLOPE OF WATERSHED
    - ORIENTATION OF WATERSHED
    - LAND USE
    - SOIL MOISTURE
    - SOIL TYPE
    - TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
    - DRAINAGE DENSITY
    COMPUTATION OF RUNOFF
    USING UNIT HYDROGRAPH
    IF TWO IDENTICAL RAINFALLS REGARDING THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, TAKE PLACE ON A DRAINAGE BASIN HAVING
    THE SAME CONDITIONS PRIOR TO THE RAINFALL, THE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS FROM THE TWO STORMS WOULD
    BE EXPECTED TO BE THE SAME.
    SHERMAN, 1932 INVESTIGATE THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH THEORY, WHICH IS WIDELY USED FOR COMPUTING THE
    FLOOD OR RUNOFF VOLUME FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES. UNIT HYDROGRAPH IS DEFINED AS THE DIRECT RUNOFF
    HYDROGRAPH, PRODUCED BY A RAIN OF A UNIT DURATION, RESULTING THE EFFECTIVE RAINFALL DEPTH AS 1
    CM WHICH IS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED, OVER THE ENTIRE WATERSHED AREA
    WHAT IS HYDROGRAPH?
    A HYDROGRAPH IS A GRAPH SHOWING
    THE RATE OF FLOW (DISCHARGE) VERSUS
    TIME PAST A SPECIFIC POINT IN A RIVER,
    CHANNEL, OR CONDUIT CARRYING FLOW.
    THE RATE OF FLOW IS TYPICALLY
    EXPRESSED IN CUBIC METERS OR CUBIC
    FEET PER SECOND (CMS OR CFS). IT CAN
    ALSO REFER TO A GRAPH SHOWING THE
    VOLUME OF WATER REACHING A
    PARTICULAR OUTFALL, OR LOCATION IN A
    SEWERAGE NETWORK.
    TYPES OF
    HYDROGRAPHS
    1. STORM HYDROGRAPHS
    2. FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS
    3. ANNUAL HYDROGRAPHS A.K.A. REGIMES
    4. DIRECT RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH
    5. EFFECTIVE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH
    6. RASTER HYDROGRAPH
    FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS
    DIRECT RUN-OFF HYDROGRAPH
    EFFECTIVE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH
    RASTER HYDROGRAPH

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