Switch off ur Mobiles

Shiva Kumar SM

IT for Business

Textbook :IT for Business by Dhiraj Sharma, HPH

Reference :Information System, Steven Alter, Pearson
Electronic Commerce, Elias M Awad , PHI

1
The First Generation (1950s)
 The First Generation computers use
Punched card for input, Vacuum tubes for
memory, and magnetic tape of storage.

 Punched cards were used for input, although

it accept magnetic tape. Power-hungry
vacuum tubes provide the memory.
Employee the stored-program concept,
provide a supervisory typewriter for
controlling the computer, and use magnetic
tape for unlimited storage.

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The Second Generation (early 1960s)
 The second Generation computers were created with
Transistors instead of vacuum tubes, there
computers were faster, smaller and more reliable.

 Use Punched card for input, had Printers, Tape

Storage and Disk storage.

 High-level programming languages were developed

to enable programmer writing program instructions
using English-sounding commands and Arabic
numbers: COBOL,FORTRAN

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Contd…
 In 1959, an important development in business
computing was General Electric corporation’s
Electronic Recording Machine Accounting.

 In 1963, an important development in business

computing was ASCII, a character set that
enables computers to exchange information.

4
The Third Generation (Mid 1960
to Mid 1970s)
 Second-generation computer run only one job
at a time, called batch processing was time-
consuming and inefficient.

 The key innovation in Third-Generation was

timesharing to allow many people do the task
simultaneously

 User access computer remotely by terminals,

using a keyboard and a video display.

5
Contd…
 The key technological event was the development of
computers based on IC, which incorporates many
transistors and electronic circuits on a single silicon
chip.
 The earliest IC using a technology called small-scale
integration (SSI) could pick up to 10-20 transistors
on a chip.
 By the late 1960s, engineers had achieved Medium-
scale integration (MIS) could place 20-200
transistors on a chip.
 In the early 1970s, Large-Scale Integration (LSI) was
achieved to hold up to 5000 transistors.

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Contd…
 Another important innovation was the development of
standard for CN.
 In 1960s the US Advanced Research Project Agency
(ARPA) has support to develop a wide are network
(WAN). This project create a test network called
ARPANET, which is the first generation of the
internet.
 In 1973, ARPANET fully implement the internet
protocol (TCP/IP), the standards that enable the
internet to work. Xerox corporation's Palo alto
Research Center (PARC) develop the LAN, a direct-
cable network that could tie in all computer in a
building called Ethernet.
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The Fourth Generation (1975-1991)
 Development of VLSI that could place
more than 5000 transistors on a single
chip.
 The world’s First Microprocessor :Intel
10004
 The world’s First Microcomputer, which
use microprocessor for CPU: intel 8080

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Contd…
 The IBM personal computer, with a
microprocessor chip, intel 8080, made by intel
corporation and operation system called MS-
Dos was released in 1981.
 The first microcomputers weren’t easy to use.
To operate them, users had to cope with the
computers’ command-line user interface.
That’s why GUI is such an important
innovation.

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The Fifth Generation?
 For years, experts have forecast that the
trademark of the next generation will be
Artificial Intelligent (AI), in which
computer exhibit some of the
characteristic of human intelligence.

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Fifth Generation Computers
 Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there
are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today. The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a
reality. Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come.

 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop

devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.

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 Introduction to Computers
 Computers are showing up everywhere
you look.
 They check out your groceries…
 They give you money at the ATM…
 They monitor your vital signs at the
hospital..

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What is a computer?
 A computer is an electronic device that runs
programs.
 Four basic functions:
1. Accepts Data (Input)
2. Processes Data (Processing)
3. Produces Output (Output)
4. Stores Results (Storage)
 We will explore these in the following slides

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Some Beginning Terms
 Hardware: The physical parts of the
computer
 Software: The programs that tell the
computer what to do.
 Data: Individual facts like first name,
price, etc.
 Default: the original settings; what will
happen if you don’t change anything.

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What makes a computer useful?
 Speed: a computer can perform Billions
of actions per second
 Reliability: failures are almost always
human errors, one way or another (that’s
tough to hear!)
 Storage: a computer can hold a
tremendous amount of information in a
small space.

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What Are The Primary Components
Of A Computer ?

 Input devices.
 Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
 Memory.
 Output devices.
 Storage devices.

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 Input

“Garbage in…”

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Input Devices
 Input device is any hardware component that
allows users to enter data and instructions

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The Keyboard

 Wired
 Wireless
 Bluetooth

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Pointing Devices
 Ball
 Optical
 Laser
 Joystick
 Wheel

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Optical Mouse
 No moving
mechanical parts
inside
 Senses light to detect
mouse’s movement
 More precise than
mechanical mouse
 Connects using a
cable, or wireless

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Other Pointing Devices

 Joystick
 Wheel

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Digital Camera
 Film-less Cameras
• SmartMedia
• CompactFlash
• Memory Sticks
 Resolution Measured
in Megapixels

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How does it work?

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Digital Video Camera
 IEEE 1394
• Firewire (Apple)
• iLink (Sony)
 MiniDV, Digital 8,
Mini DVD, Internal
Hard Drive
 Standard and High
Definition

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Scanners
 Scanner Type
• Flatbed
• Sheet-feeder
• Handheld
 Connection Type
• Parallel
• USB
 Bed Size
 Resolution
 Extra Features
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 Processing

Thinking INSIDE the box.

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 System Unit
The system unit is a case that contains
electronic components of the computer used to
process data
• The processor (CPU) interprets and carries out the
basic instructions that operate a computer
• Arithmetic/logic unit
• Memory (RAM) consists of electronic components
that temporarily stores instructions waiting to be
executed by the processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of processed data
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Microsoft Office 2007: Introductory Concepts and Techniques 28
System Unit

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Processing
 This is the thinking that the computer
does.
 Calculations, comparisons, and
decisions.
 When this is done, a reaction is formed
(output).

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Machine Thinking
 Machines have to think the hard way.
 One thing at a time, one step at a time.
 Complex procedures are broken down into
VERY simple steps.
 These steps are repeated hundreds, thousands,
even millions of times.
 Very systematic and logical.
 Hard for a computer to make conclusions.

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Processing Basics: CPU
 Central Processing Unit, where most of
thinking is done. VERY small.
 This is the “Chip”. Speed is measured in
Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz),
where 1 MHz = 1 million calculations per
second.
 Two of the most popular chip makers for
PC: Intel & AMD (Athlon)

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CPU’s Today

Intel Celeron D
Intel Core Duo/Core 2
Intel Centrino (Mobile)
AMD Athlon Turion
AMD Athlon 64

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Processing Basics: Memory
 Also referred to as RAM
 Mostly in form of chips fused to a card
 Measured in Megabytes (MB).
 Each “stick” increases how much your
computer can keep in active memory, “on it’s
mind.”
 Most computers have room for more RAM if
needed.

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Processing Speed
 Both Memory and the CPU affect the overall
speed of a computer.
 Think of the CPU speed as a human’s IQ.
Higher = faster thinking
 Think of the RAM as human memory. A
person with a better memory has to go back
and look at information far less than an
absentminded person.
 These both increase speed and efficiency.

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 Output

“… Garbage Out.”

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 Output Devices

 Output devices make the information resulting

from processing available for use
• An impact printer prints by striking an inked ribbon
against the paper
• Non impact printers form characters by means other
than striking a ribbon against paper
• Inkjet
• Photo printers
• Laser
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Output Devices

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Types of Output
 Hard Copy: This is a tangible, usually
printed product, like a printed report or ID
card.
 Soft Copy: This is displayed on a
screen or by some non-permanent
means, such as a computer screen,
audio speakers, etc.

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Printers – 3 basic types
 Dot Matrix – very old and use a printer
ribbon for ink.
 Ink Jet – these are the most common
and affordable today. Print line by line
by spraying ink onto the paper.
 Laser – These are the most expensive,
largest, & heaviest. Much like
photocopiers, printing a whole page at a
time.

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 Display Devices
 A display device is an output device that
visually conveys text, graphics, and video
information
• Monitor
• Flat panel monitor
• LCD
• CRT

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 Display Devices

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Microsoft Office 2007: Introductory Concepts and Techniques 42
Monitors - Characteristics
 Size: Desktop screens are usually 15 – 21
inches by diagonal measurement
 Resolution: Determines how clear and
detailed the image can be. Measured in
Pixels, Width x height. (800x600, etc).
 Refresh Rate – How often the picture is
redrawn on the screen. If rate is low, may
cause eyestrain or nausea. 75 Hertz or better
is ideal.

43
Monitors - Types
 CRT – Basic big monitor.
Cheapest, but produce heat
and are big and clunky
 LCD Flat Panel – Thin, light,
take up less space, less heat,
but cost a lot $$$$$ (2-3 times
the cost of a CRT)

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CRT MONITOR - cathode-ray tube

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Disadvantages of CRT
 They have a big back and take up space on desk.
 The electromagnetic fields emitted by CRT monitors constitute
a health hazard to the functioning of living cells.
 CRTs emit a small amount of X-ray band radiation which can
result in a health hazard.
 Constant refreshing of CRT monitors can result in headache.
 CRTs operate at very high voltage which can overheat system
or result in an implosion
 Within a CRT a strong vacuum exists in it and can also result in
a implosion
 They are heavy to pick up and carry around

46
Advantages of CRT
 The cathode rayed tube can easily increase the monitor’s
brightness by reflecting the light.
 They produce more colours
 The Cathode Ray Tube monitors have lower price rate than the
LCD display or Plasma display.
 The quality of the image displayed on a Cathode Ray Tube is
superior to the LCD and Plasma monitors.
 The contrast features of the cathode ray tube monitor are
considered highly excellent.

47
How CRTs work & display?
A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue
phosphor dots that glow when struck by an electron beam that
travels across the screen to create a visible image. In a CRT
monitor tube, the cathode is a heated filament. The heated
filament is in a vacuum created inside a glass tube. The
electrons are negative and the screen gives a positive charge
so the screen glows.

48
 LCD
Liquid Crystal Display

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Disadvantages of LCD
 After a while the LCD display the some of the pixels will die you
will see a discoloured spot on a black spot on the display.
 The cost of a LCD is considerably at a high price.
 The LCD display will have slow response times.
 The LCD display has a fixed resolution display and cannot be
changed.
 LCDs use analog interface making careful adjustment of pixel
tracking/phase in order to reduce or eliminate digital noise in
the image.
 The viewing angle of a LCD display is very limited due to the
Automatic pixel tracking/phase controls.

50
 Advantages of LCD
 Sharpness
Image is perfectly sharp at the native resolution of the panel. LCDs using an analog
input require careful adjustment of pixel tracking/phase (see Interference, below).

 Geometric Distortion
Zero geometric distortion at the native resolution of the panel. Minor distortion for
other resolutions because the images must be rescaled.

 Brightness
High peak intensity produces very bright images. Best for brightly lit environments.

 Screen Shape
Screens are perfectly flat.

 Physical
Thin, with a small footprint. Consume little electricity and produce little heat.

51
How does it work & display
Liquid crystal displays work by the tiny pixels on the screen
showing more than 20,000,000 colours an LCD screen is a
multilayered, sideways sandwich. A fluorescent light source,
known as the backlight. This light passes through the first of
two polarizing filters. The polarized light then passes through a
layer that contains thousands of liquid crystal pixels arrayed in
tiny containers called cells.

The cells are, in turn, arrayed in rows across the screen; one or
more cells make up one pixel. Electric leads around the edge of
the LCD create an electric field that twists the crystal molecule,
which lines the light up with the second polarizing filter and
allows it to pass through it.

52
 Storage

For all that garbage.

53
 Storage Devices
 A storage device is used to store instructions,
data, and information when they are not being
used in memory
• Magnetic disks use magnetic particles to store items
on a disk’s surface
• Formatting
• Track
• Sectors
• Portable storage medium

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Microsoft Office 2007: Introductory Concepts and Techniques 54
 Storage Devices
 A hard disk is a storage device that contains
one or more inflexible, circular platters that
magnetically store data, instructions, and
information
• Head crash
• Backup

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Microsoft Office 2007: Introductory Concepts and Techniques 55
 Storage Devices
 A floppy disk is an inexpensive portable
storage medium

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 Storage Devices
 An optical disc is a
portable storage
medium that consists
of a flat, round,
portable disc made of
metal, plastic, and
lacquer that is written
and read by a laser

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Microsoft Office 2007: Introductory Concepts and Techniques 57
 Storage Devices
 Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic
housed in a tape cartridge
• Tape drive

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Microsoft Office 2007: Introductory Concepts and Techniques 58
 Storage Devices

 Miniature mobile storage media are

rewriteable media usually in the form of a flash
memory card, USB flash drive, or a smart card

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Microsoft Office 2007: Introductory Concepts and Techniques 59
 Storage Devices

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Microsoft Office 2007: Introductory Concepts and Techniques 60
Storage
 Measured in terms of Bytes, Kilobytes,
Megabytes, and Gigabytes.
 RAM is really storage, but it is commonly
associated with processing because it is
not permanent. When the computer is
turned off, RAM goes poof!

61
 Bytes Information
Processor or Virtual Storage Disk Storage

 1 bit =Binary digit  1 bit =Binary digit

 8 bits =1 Byte  8 bits =1 Byte
 1024 byte =1 kb  1000 byte =1 kb
 1024 kb =1 mb  1000 kb =1 mb
 1024 mb =1 gb  1000 mb =1 gb
 1024 gb =1 Terabyte  1000 gb =1 Terabyte
 1024 tb =1 Petabyte  1000 tb =1 Petabyte
 1024 pb =1 Exabyte  1000 pb =1 Exabyte
 1024 eb =1 Zettabyte  1000 eb =1 Zettabyte
 1024 zb =1 Yottabyte  1000 zb =1 Yottabyte
 1024 yb =1 Brontobyte  1000 yb =1 Brontobyte
 1024 bb =1 Geopbyte  1000 bb =1 Geopbyte
62
Computer Software
Computer software is the key to productive use of
computers. Software can be categorized into two
types:

 Operating system software

 Application software.

63
Operating System Software
Operating system software tells the computer how to
perform the functions of loading, storing and executing
an application and how to transfer data.

Today, many computers use an operating system that

has a graphical user interface (GUI) that provides visual
clues such as icon symbols to help the user. Microsoft
Windows 98 is a widely used graphical operating
system. DOS (Disk Operating System) is an older but still
widely used operating system that is text-based.

64
Application Software
Application Software consists of programs that
tell a computer how to produce information.
Some of the more commonly used packages
are:

 Word processing
 Electronic spreadsheet

 Database

 Presentation graphics

65
 Default
Computer Software Installation?

 How do you install a software program?

• A program is a series of instructions that tells
the computer what to do

66
Computer Software
 What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
• Allows you to interact
with the software
using graphics and
icons
• Controls how you
enter data and how
the screen displays
information

67
Computer Software
 What is system software?
• Programs that control the operations of the
computer and its devices Is Microsoft
Excel system
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68
Computer Software
 What is application software?

• Programs that perform

specific tasks for users

Word
Spreadsheet
Processing

Presentation
Database
Graphics

69
Word Processing

 Word Processing software is used to create and print

documents. A key advantage of word processing
software is that users easily can make changes in
documents.

70
Electronic Spreadsheets

 Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to add,

subtract, and perform user-defined calculations on rows
and columns of numbers. These numbers can be
changed and the spreadsheet quickly recalculates the
new results.

71
Database Software

 Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in an

organized and efficient manner, with flexible inquiry and
reporting capabilities.

72
Presentation Graphics

 Presentation graphic software allows the user to create

documents called slides to be used in making the
presentations. Using special projection devices, the
slides display as they appear on the computer screen.

73
Computer Software
 What is a programmer?

• Someone who develops

application or system
software
• Programmer writes
instructions to
direct computer to
process data into
information

74
Categories of Computers
What are the categories of computers?

Personal computers (desktop)

Mobile computers
and mobile devices

Midrange servers

Mainframe computers

Supercomputers 75
 Why
does it
matter?
Personal Computers
Whatare the two most popular series of personal
computers?
 PC and compatibles  Apple Macintosh
use the Windows uses the Macintosh
operating system operating system
(Mac OS)

76
Personal Computers
 What is a desktop computer?
• Designed so all of the components fit on or
under a desk or table

77
Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
 What is a notebook computer?

• Portable, small enough to

fit on your lap
• Also called a laptop
computer
• Generally more expensive
than a desktop computer

78
Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
What is a tablet PC?

• Resembles a letter-sized slate

• Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen

 Especially useful for taking

notes

79
Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
 What are Web-enabled handheld computers?

 Allow you to check

e-mail and access
the Internet
 Web-enabled
telephone is a
“smart phone”

80
Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
 What is a handheld computer?

Small
enough to fit Used
in your by mobile
hand employees such as
meter readers and
delivery people

81
Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
 What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?

• Provides personal
organizer functions
• Calendar
• Appointment book
• Address book
• Calculator
• Notepad
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