Vehicular Ad-hoc

Network based
Communication System

Presented by:- Guided by:-

Veeresh Kumar Verma Mr. Kushal Gupta

Praveen Thapa Asst. Professor
Bhuvan Gaur CSE Department
Outline
s
 Introduction of VANET

 Working of VANET

 Architecture of VANET

 Rules for Broadcasting

 Routing in VANET

 Applications

 Characteristics

 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION OF VANET
• VANET is a variation of MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network). MANET comprises of
nodes which communicate without central network and where nodes are equipped with
networking capabilities. VANET on the other side has emerged as a challenging and more
liable class or variation of MANET. The freedom of nodes to enter or leave the network in
VANET calls for different routing protocols than MANET

Fig.1 Wireless Ad-hoc Classification

WORKING OF VANET
• Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is technology that integrates the capabilities of new
generation wireless networks to vehicles. VANET builds a robust Ad-Hoc network between
mobile vehicles and roadside units. It is a form of MANET that establishes communication
among nearby vehicles and adjacent fixed apparatus, usually described as roadside apparatus.
VANET can achieve affective communication between moving node by using different ad-hoc
networking tools such as Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 b/g, WiMAX IEEE 802.10, Bluetooth.

• VANETs consist of following entities:

• Access point: The access points are fixed and commonly connected to the internet. Vehicle to
vehicle communication has two types of communication single hop and multi hop.
• Vehicle: vehicle is nodes of vehicular network. VANET addresses the wireless communication
between vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and infrastructure access point.
• There are various appealing and attractive features that make a difference from other types of networks:-
• High Mobility:
• The nodes present in VANETs move at a very high speed. These moving nodes can be protected saved from attacks
and other security threats only if their location is predicable. High mobility leads to various other issues in VANET
• Rapidly Changing Network Topology:
• Vehicles moving at high speed in VANET lead to quick changes in network topology.
• No Power constraints:
• Power constraint always exists in various networks but in VANETs vehicles are able to provide power to on board
unit (OBU) via the long-life battery. So, energy constraint is not always an essential challenge as in MANETs.
• Unbounded Network Size:
• The network size in VANET is geographically unbounded because it can be generated for one city or one country.
• Wireless Communication:
• Nodes are connected and exchange their information through wireless.
• Variable network density:
• The network density is changed according to traffic density; it is very high in traffic jam and low in suburban traffic.
• High computability ability:
• Due to computational resources and sensors, the computational capacity of the node is increased.
• Time Critical:
• Timely delivery of information is very essential. Actions can be performed accordingly only when information is
available when it is required.
ARCHITECTURE OF VANET
• Intelligent Transportation System, in which each vehicle participates as a sender, receiver
and router to transmit information to the vehicular network or the agency, than it uses the
information for safety and free flow of traffic. ITS explains technology relevant to
transport and infrastructure, transferring information within systems to increase safety,
productivity and environmental performance. Standalone application ex. traffic
management system and information participate in it and they installed in vehicles. ITS
encompasses large range of wire line and wireless communication depending information
and electronic technologies

Fig.2 Vehicle to infrastructure

RULES OF BROADCASTING
• The rules define for the operations in VANET which are as-
• Dense Traffic
• When the density of the traffic is above the level than the most common problem is that
there is a choking of the shared medium by controlled number of safety message which
are broadcast by various cars following each other continuously. Therefore, the result is
confliction in the transmission of the data within the neighbouring nodes because of the
negligent broadcast of the packets through the shared wireless channel. Normally this
situation is known as broadcast storm problem.
• Sparse Traffic
• Another traffic which is creating difficulty for the standard routing protocols is the sparse
traffic in which there are least number of vehicles participating on the road. At some
amount of time on day the traffic must become slow that multiple hoc coming from the
source to the car may not be probable because they are not in the range of the
transmission area of the source. On the opposite lane there might be no cars in the
transmission range this situation make it worse, so this type of situation creates problems
for routing and broadcasting, there are various techniques available for this situation
which address the sparsely joined behaviour of the mobile wireless network.
• Regular Traffic
• The dense and the sparse traffics which we have talked about have one thing is likewise
that the global connectivity is effected by the local connectivity in the networks of the
vehicles such as take an examples of as in a busy network the vehicle notice the closely
local topology and in sparse network vehicles observe very less or no neighbours or we
can say that sparse topology. Therefore, vehicles working in these two rules will observe
the same local topology which should directly affect the global topology. As far this
situation creates the vehicles will apply the algorithm which is known as broadcast
suppression and to conserve network operability some vehicles will follow the save carry
forward message.
ROUTING IN VANET
• Over the previous year’s routing has been studied widely. The mainly used ad-hoc
routing protocol on the initial level maintained for MANET has tested for the use
in VANET. The protocols which are address based and topology based have main
role that there is a unique address for the participating nodes. So there should be a
mechanism which should use to assign that unique address but there is no
guarantee of the avoidance of allocation of duplicate address. VANET related
subjects as a network topology, mobility patterns, density of vehicles, rapid
changes in vehicles all these can use the ordinary adhoc routing protocols. When
the information is received by vehicle, than the features at the particular vehicle
suddenly sends a uni-directional message that should contain the whole
information of vehicle through which it receives the request than it forwards to the
query source.
• Proactive Routing Protocol
• It enrols the standard named as Distance Vector routing or link state routing strategies ex.
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
(OLSR). The Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility explains a position-based
routing which is based on greedy forward mechanism which says nodes forward the
packages. So, the next hop position is every time will be nearer to the destination of current
hop. The greedy perimeter which is placed on stateless routing known as perimeter routing
which search for one after one result is not considered because the breadth of the highway is
even smaller in comparison to the range of transmission.
• Reactive Routing Protocol
• Reactive routing protocols can demand and maintain the routes, so they can decrease the
weight on the network. Vehicles under the communication use very limited number of routes.
• Position Based Routing
• The position-based routing protocols enquire information for the physical position of the
involving nodes for the availability of their direct neighbour than a request can be send by
the sender for the position which consist in that packet. The packet which is send with no
knowledge of map to one neighbour which is very close to the destination. These routing is
profitable until the source to the destination path is properly maintained and created. These
routing is widely separated into two parts which is position based greedy V2V protocols and
Delay Tolerant protocols.
VANET APPLICATIONS
• Collision avoidance
• 60% accidents on road can be neglected if before the collision will happen the drivers
were provided warning message just before half second and when they get warning
message right on time than collision will be neglected.
• Co-operative Driving
• The signals which are related by traffic warning can provide to the driver which are
helpful for the driver for safe and uninterrupted driving such as changing the lane
warning n about speed warning.
• Traffic Optimization
• To save time from traffic jam and accidents the signals can be used by the traffic
optimisation according to which they can choose their different path and save their time.
• Peer to Peer Applications
• The peer to peer applications are used to avail information related to sharing music,
movies among the vehicles in the network.
•  
• Internet Connectivity
• In today’s world people need internet every time, so the VANET gives constant
connectivity to the users.
• Other Services
• VANET can be employed in other user-based applications such as to locate the fuel
station, restaurant, provide payment service to collect toll taxes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VANET
• Basically, VANET is the application of MANET but it too has its different
characteristics which can be briefed as below.[11]
• VANET supports high mobility, the nodes in the network moving with high speed, it
makes harder to find the position of the network and provide protection to the node.
• Because of the high mobility nature and the randomness in speed of vehicles the
locality of the node changes rapidly through which network topology in VANET
changes frequently.
• There is no boundation of network in VANET, it can execute for cities or for countries
so VANET is geographically unbounded.
• The exchange and gathering of information to nodes through the vehicle and other
road device becomes very rapid and frequent, this is because of the ad-hoc nature of
VANET.
• VANET is mainly design for the wireless communication so the nodes in the network can
exchange information wirelessly so the security also taken in mind for the
communication.
• The one thing in VANET is explains that it is time critical according to which the
exchange of information providing to the node can reach within time because of which
there is a proper decision and action performed by the node.
• There is no such issue of energy and computation resources, VANET provides sufficient
energy and unlimited transmission power for which they allow some demanding
techniques such as RSA, ECDSA implementation.
• VANET provide better physical protection to the nodes, so it is difficult to attack the
infrastructure and more difficult to physically compromise.
CONCLUSION
• In the last few years many VANET projects undertaken around the world and several
standards have been found to improve V2V and V2I. This report is a learning, which aims
to explain and elaborate VANET. There are the major issues in VANET, about the part of
its safety and security, so the solutions also under dicovery. This involves various routing
protocols and their performance depends on the mobility of the nodes. VANET will
become an important factor for the automobiles that have the potential to achieve their
safety of vehicles, it will make sure to correctly designed the technology before its
implementation in vehicles, so the aim can be achieved. Finally, there are some challenges
still needed in order to line up VANET infrastructure, security and reliability.