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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Lecture No. 4

This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts related to inheritance including generalization, subtyping/extension, specialization/restriction, overriding, abstract classes, and concrete classes. Generalization involves extracting common characteristics into a new base class. Subtyping extends existing classes while specialization restricts classes. Abstract classes promote reuse without instantiation, while concrete classes provide specific implementations.

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Muhammad Zeeshan
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46 views

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Lecture No. 4

This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts related to inheritance including generalization, subtyping/extension, specialization/restriction, overriding, abstract classes, and concrete classes. Generalization involves extracting common characteristics into a new base class. Subtyping extends existing classes while specialization restricts classes. Abstract classes promote reuse without instantiation, while concrete classes provide specific implementations.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Zeeshan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object-Oriented Programming

(OOP)
Lecture No. 4
Recap – Inheritance
► Derivedclass inherits all the characteristics
of the base class

► Besidesinherited characteristics, derived


class may have its own unique
characteristics

► Major benefit of inheritance is reuse


Concepts Related with
Inheritance

► Generalization

► Subtyping (extension)

► Specialization (restriction)
Generalization
► In
OO models, some classes may have
common characteristics

► We extract these features into a new class


and inherit original classes from this new
class

► This concept is known as Generalization


Example – Generalization
Line
color
vertices Circle
length color
move vertices Triangle
setColor radius
color
getLength move
vertices
setColor
angle
computeArea
move
setColor
computeArea
Example – Generalization
Shape
color
vertices
move
setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
computeArea length computeArea
getLength
Example – Generalization
Student
name
age Teacher
gender name
Doctor
program age
name
studyYear gender
age
study designation
gender
heldExam salary
teach designation
eat
takeExam salary
walk
eat checkUp
walk prescribe
eat
walk
Example – Generalization
Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk

Student Teacher Doctor


program designation designation
studyYear salary salary
study teach checkUp
heldExam takeExam prescribe
Sub-typing & Specialization
► Wewant to add a new class to an existing
model

► Findan existing class that already


implements some of the desired state and
behaviour

► Inherit
the new class from this class and
add unique behaviour to the new class
Sub-typing (Extension)
► Sub-typingmeans that derived class is
behaviourally compatible with the base class

► Behaviourallycompatible means that base


class can be replaced by the derived class
Person
name
age
gender
eats
Example – walks

Sub-typing
(Extension) Student
program
studyYear
study
takeExam
Shape
color
vertices
setColor
Example – move

Sub-typing
(Extension)
Circle
radius
computeCF
computeArea
Specialization (Restriction)
► Specialization
means that derived class is
behaviourally incompatible with the base
class

► Behaviourally incompatible means that base


class can’t always be replaced by the
derived class
Example – Specialization
(Restriction)
Person
age : [0..100]
…
setAge( a ) age = a
…

Adult If age < 18 then


age : [18..100] error
… else
setAge( a ) age = a
…
Example – Specialization
(Restriction)
IntegerSet
…
add( elem ) add element
… to the set

If elem < 1 then


NaturalSet error
… else
add( elem ) add element
… to the set
Overriding

►A class may need to override the default


behaviour provided by its base class

► Reasons for overriding


 Provide behaviour specific to a derived class
 Extend the default behaviour
 Restrict the default behaviour
 Improve performance
Example – Specific Behaviour
Shape
color
vertices
draw
move
setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
draw length draw
computeArea draw computeArea
Example – Extension
Window
width
height
open
close
draw

DialogBox 1- Invoke Window’s


controls draw
enable 2- draw the dialog
draw box
Example – Restriction
IntegerSet
…
add( elem ) Add element
… to the set

If elem < 1 then


NaturalSet give error
… else
add( elem ) Add element
… to the set
Example – Improve Performance
Shape
color
► Class Circle overrides coord
rotate operation of draw
class Shape with a Null rotate
operation. setColor

Circle
radius
draw
rotate
Abstract Classes

► An abstract class implements an abstract


concept
► Main purpose is to be inherited by other
classes
► Can’t be instantiated
► Promotes reuse
Example – Abstract Classes
Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk

Student Doctor
Teacher
► Here, Person is an abstract class
Example – Abstract Classes
Vehicle
color
model
accelerate
applyBrakes

Car Truck
Bus

► Here, Vehicle is an abstract class


Concrete Classes
►A concrete class implements a concrete
concept

► Main purpose is to be instantiated

► Provides
implementation details specific to
the domain context
Example – Concrete Classes

Person

Student Doctor
program Teacher
studyYear
study
heldExam

► Here,Student, Teacher and Doctor are


concrete classes
Example – Concrete Classes

Vehicle

Car Truck
Bus
capacity
load
unload

• Here, Car, Bus and Truck are concrete


classes

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