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Topic 4 Circular Motion

* Radius of circle = 12 m * Time to make 1/4 turn = 2.1 s * Use the equation for centripetal acceleration: a = v^2/r * Set up the equation and solve for speed v: a = 4.9 m/s^2 r = 12 m a = v^2/r v^2 = a*r v = √(a*r) v = √(4.9 m/s^2 * 12 m) = 7 m/s * Acceleration = 4.9 m/s^2 (given) * Mass of halfback = 95 kg * Use Fnet = ma:

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102 views36 pages

Topic 4 Circular Motion

* Radius of circle = 12 m * Time to make 1/4 turn = 2.1 s * Use the equation for centripetal acceleration: a = v^2/r * Set up the equation and solve for speed v: a = 4.9 m/s^2 r = 12 m a = v^2/r v^2 = a*r v = √(a*r) v = √(4.9 m/s^2 * 12 m) = 7 m/s * Acceleration = 4.9 m/s^2 (given) * Mass of halfback = 95 kg * Use Fnet = ma:

Uploaded by

Mirahmad Fadzly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC 4 THERMODYNAMICS

CIRCULAR MOTION
AND
ROTATION
PRESENTED BY:
CHE MUHAMMAD FAKHRI BIN CHE LAH
4PISMP SN2 INTAKE JUN 2018
SCES1822
TOPIC COVERED
• Circular Motion
• Angle measurement, speed and angular speed
4.1
• Circular Motion
• Constant circular motion: Centripetal acceleration
4.2 and centripetal force
“MUKADDIMAH”

 Circular motion is a significant aspect of motion in two


dimensions.
 A lot of phenomenal involves circular motion.
 Objects move in circular path: example, a car on a
roundabout, a pendulum on clock, your socks in washing
machine.
TWO DIMENSIONS MOTION? WHAT IS THAT?
• The movement of an object in any straight line starting from some point in the space infront of us
• The line used for this motion is often the familiar x-axis
1D • The object may move forward or backward along this line
Motion • a vehicle moving in a straight road

• The movement of an object in a curved path but in a single plane that lies in the space infront of us
• object undergoes motion along the x and y axes at the same time.
2D • Throwing rock up to the sky
Motion

• The movement of an object throughout the space in front of us


• Similar to 2D motion but the motion doesn't happen in a plane, but in the complete space.
3D • body moves in X , Y and Z Axis altogether
Motion • a piece of paper moving in the air freely
ANGLE MEASUREMENT/DISPLACEMENT

 The angle 𝜃 can be specified by relating it back to an


essential aspect of the circle namely its circumstance.
 Each beads in Figure 6.2b moves an arc-length (ℓ) at
some radial distance (r) from the center.
 The larger r is, the larger ℓ is.
  
 If we formulate 𝝷 in terms of ratio of ℓ and r.
Therefore let:

 The angle 𝜃 is now specified as a distance divided


by a distance and is unitless – it’s pure number.
A LITTER RECAP FOR RADIAN MEASURE
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

 1. How long is the arc subtended by an angle of radians on a circle of radius 20


cm?

  

 2. How long is the arc subtended by an angle of 315º radians on a circle of


radius 20 cm?
ANGULAR SPEED

 Angular speed is the rate at which an object changes its angle (measured) in radians, in a
given time period. Angular speed has a magnitude (a value) only.

ω = θ /t
Unit

  
 ω = angular speed in radians/sec
 θ = angle in radians (2π radians = 360 degrees)
 t = time, sec

 Angular speed and angular velocity use the same formula; the difference between the two
is that Angular speed is a scalar quantity, while angular velocity is a vector quantity.
QUESTION

1.The earth rotates once on its axis every 24 hours.


What is its angular speed?
Answer: The angle traversed, 1 rotation, means that θ = 2π. The time for this
rotation, t = 24 hr. Time must be converted to seconds.
t = 24 hr x 60 min/hr x 60 sec/min = 86400 sec
ω = θ /t
ω = 2π/86400 sec
ω = 0.0000726 radians/sec = 7.26 x 10-5 rad/sec
2. At the state fair, you take your younger brother to ride the Ferris wheel.
You notice that a sign says that the angular speed of the Ferris wheel is
0.13 rad/sec. How many revolutions will the wheel complete in 12
minutes?
Answer: The angular speed, ω = 0.13 rad/sec. The time, t = 12 min. Convert t = 12 min x 60
sec/min = 720 sec. Using the equation ω = θ /t , solve for θ .
ω = θ /t
ωt=θ
(0.13 rad/sec)(720sec) = θ
θ = 93.6 rad
θ = 93.6/ 2π revolutions
θ = 14.9 or ~15 revolutions
SPEED

 ω is the Angular speed where ω = θ /t


 ⟶ S= r 𝜃
v ⟶ s= vt
 
 Vt=r𝜃
𝜃=ωt
V t = r ω t
V = r ω
Angular
  speed
ω=
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

 Can be described as the motion of an


object in a circle at a constant speed
 As an object moves in a circle, it is
constantly changing its direction
 the object is moving tangent to the
circle
 Since the direction of the velocity
vector, v is the same as the
direction of the object's motion
 the velocity vector is directed tangent The Magnitude(size) of the velocity
to the circle as well vector v is constant. BUT the
DIRECTION of v changes continually!
 An object moving in a circle is
accelerating.
 Accelerating objects are objects which are
changing their velocity - either the speed
(i.e., magnitude of the velocity vector) or
the direction
 Object in uniform circular motion is
moving with constant speed.
 So, it is accelerating due to its change in
direction.
 The direction of the acceleration is
inwards
MOTION CHARACTERISTIC: NET FORCE

 The net force acting upon such an object is directed towards the center of the circle.
 The net force is said to be an inward or centripetal force.
 Without such an inward force, an object would continue in a straight line, never deviating
from its direction.
 With the inward net force directed perpendicular to the velocity vector, the object is always
changing its direction and undergoing an inward acceleration.
CALCULATION OF THE AVERAGE SPEED
 Uniform circular motion - circular motion at a constant speed
 An object moving in uniform circular motion would cover the same linear distance in each
second of time. 
 When moving in a circle, an object traverses a distance around the perimeter of the circle.
 The distance of one complete cycle around the perimeter of a circle is known as the
circumference.

  

 The circumference of any circle can be computed using from the radius according to the
equation

 Combining these two equations above will lead to a new equation relating the speed of an
object moving in uniform circular motion to the radius of the circle and the time to make
Where:
one cycle around the circle (period).
R = radius of the circle
T = period
THE DIRECTION OF THE VELOCITY VECTOR

 The direction of the velocity vector is directed in the same direction


that the object moves.
 Since an object is moving in a circle, its direction is continuously
changing.
 So while the magnitude of the velocity vector may be constant, the
direction of the velocity vector is changing.
 Tangential/ Tangent is used to describe the direction of the velocity
vector
 Velocity vector is always tangent to the circle in uniform circular
motion.
 as the object turns the circle, the tangent line is always pointing in a
new direction.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. A tube is been placed upon the table and


shaped into a three-quarters circle. A golf ball
is pushed into the tube at one end at high
speed. The ball rolls through the tube and exits
at the opposite end. Describe the path of the
golf ball as it exits the tube.

The ball will move along a path which is tangent to


the spiral at the point where it exits the tube. At that
point, the ball will no longer curve or spiral, but rather
travel in a straight line in the tangential direction.
CENTRIPETAL FORCE

 an object moving in a circle is experiencing an acceleration


 This acceleration is directed towards the center of the circle.
 in accord with Newton's second law of motion, an object which
experiences an acceleration must also be experiencing a net force.
The direction of the net force is in the same direction as the
acceleration. So for an object moving in a circle, there must be an
inward force acting upon it in order to cause its inward acceleration.
 For object's moving in circular motion, there is a net force acting
towards the center which causes the object to seek the center.
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
 The speed of an object moving in a circle is given by the following equation.

 The acceleration of an object moving in a circle can be determined by either two of


the following equations.

The equation on the right (above) is derived from the equation on the left by the
substitution of the expression for speed.
NEWTON FIRST LAW

 The law of inertia states that ...

“... objects in motion tend to stay in motion with the same


speed and the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force”
 it is the natural tendency of all moving objects to continue
in motion in the same direction that they are moving ...
unless some form of unbalanced force acts upon the object
to deviate its motion from its straight-line path.
 Moving objects will tend to naturally travel in straight lines;
an unbalanced force is only required to cause it to turn.
 Thus, the presence of an unbalanced force is required for
objects to move in circles.
NEWTON SECOND LAW

 The net force (Fnet) acting upon an object moving in circular motion is directed inwards.
 While there may by more than one force acting upon the object, the vector sum of all of
them should add up to the net force.
 In general, the inward force is larger than the outward force (if any) such that the
outward force cancels and the unbalanced force is in the direction of the center of the
circle.
 The net force is related to the acceleration of the object (as is always the case) and is
thus given by the following three equations:
PROBLEM
A 900-kg car moving at 10 m/s takes a turn around a circle with a radius of 25.0 m.
Determine the acceleration and the net force acting upon the car.
PROBLEM 2

A 95-kg halfback makes a turn on the football field. The halfback sweeps out a path that is a
portion of a circle with a radius of 12-meters. The halfback makes a quarter of a turn around the
circle in 2.1 seconds. Determine the speed, acceleration and net force acting upon the halfback.

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