Scribd
Upload
175 views67 pages

Relations-Domain, Range and Co-Domain

The document defines and provides examples of: 1) Domain, range, and codomain of functions; the domain contains all inputs and the range contains all outputs. 2) One-to-one functions that map distinct inputs to distinct outputs. 3) Onto functions where the range and codomain are equal. 4) Composition of functions which applies one function to the output of another.

Uploaded by

Manal Rizwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
175 views67 pages

Relations-Domain, Range and Co-Domain

The document defines and provides examples of: 1) Domain, range, and codomain of functions; the domain contains all inputs and the range contains all outputs. 2) One-to-one functions that map distinct inputs to distinct outputs. 3) Onto functions where the range and codomain are equal. 4) Composition of functions which applies one function to the output of another.

Uploaded by

Manal Rizwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 67

RELATIONS-DOMAIN, RANGE

AND CO-DOMAIN
A well
defined
collection
of objects
FUNCTIONS
Section 2.3
Domain, Range and Codomain

Domain is all the values that go into a function, and the


Range is all the values that come out.
Input and Output
• all the values that can go into and come out of a function.
FUNCTION
FUNCTION

function f from A to B.

f (a) = b,
where (a, b) is the unique ordered pair in the relation that has a as its first element.
FUNCTION
• What are the domain, codomain, and range of the function that assigns grades
to students?

Solution:
Let G be the function that assigns a grade to a student in our discrete mathematics class.
Note that G(Adams) = A, for instance.
The domain of G is the set {Adams, Chou, Goodfriend, Rodriguez, Stevens},
codomain is the set {A,B,C,D, F}.
The range of G is the set {A,B,C, F}, because each grade except D is assigned to some student.
EXAMPLE 2
• Let R be the relation with ordered pairs
• (Abdul, 22), (Brenda, 24), (Carla, 21), (Desire, 22), (Eddie, 24), and (Felicia, 22).
• Here each pair consists of graduate student and this student’s age.
• Specify a function determined by this relation.

• Solution:
• f (Abdul ) = 22, f (Brenda) = 24, f (Carla) = 21, f (Desire) = 22, f (Eddie) = 24, and f
(Felicia) = 22. (Here, f (x) is the age of x, where x is a student.)
• domain: set {Abdul, Brenda, Carla, Desire, Eddie, Felicia}.

• codomain, which needs to contain all possible ages of students.


• students are less than 100 years old,
• set of positive integers less than 100 as the codomain
• Range set {21, 22, 24}.
Type of the Function

If each element has single Image


Type of the Function

If each element has single Image


Type of the Function
onto Into onto Into
Co-domain= range
Y=f(x)
One-to-One Functions
• Some functions never assign the same value to two different domain
elements. These functions are said to be one-to-one
• Let F be a function from a set X to a set Y . F is one-to-one (or injective)
if, and only if, for all elements x1 and x2 in X,
• if x ≠ x , then F(x ) ≠ F(x ).
1 2 1 2
• In arrow diagram, it takes distinct points of the domain to distinct points of
the co-domain
Example
• Identify the one-to-one functions?
Example
• Determine whether the functions are one-to-one or not?
• F(x)=4x-1, for xєR
• G(n)=n2, for nєZ
Onto Functions
• For some functions the range and the codomain are equal. That is, every
member of the codomain is the image of some element of the domain
• These functions are called onto functions
Example
• Identify the onto function?
One-to-one Correspondence
Example
More Definitions
• Let f1 and f2 be functions from A to R. Then f1 + f2 and f1.f2 are also
functions from A to R defined by:
• (f + f )(x) = f (x) + f (x),
1 2 1 2

• (f .f )(x) = f (x)f (x)


l 2 1 2

• Example: Let f1 and f2 be functions from R to R such that f1(x) = x2 and f2(x)
= x - x2. What are the functions f1 + f2and f1.f2?
Equality of Functions
• If F: X → Y and G: X → Y are functions, then F = G if, and only if, F(x) =
G(x) for all x ∈ X.
• Example:
• Let J = {0, 1, 2}, and define functions f and g from J to J as follows: For all
x in J,
• f (x) = (x2 + x + 1) mod 3 and g(x) = (x + 2)2 mod 3.
• Is f = g?
Identity Function
•  Let A be a set. The identity function on A is the function ιA : A → A, where
ιA(x) = x, for all x ∈ A.
• In other words, the identity function assigns each element to itself.
• Let . The identity function ιX on X is represented by the arrow diagram:
• Is it a bijection?
Constant Function
•  A function is a constant function if it maps (sends) all elements of X to one
element of Y

• EXAMPLE: The function f defined by the arrow diagram is constant.


Inverse Function
f(a) = b
f(5) = 11

f-1(b) = a
f-1(11) = 5
Inverse Function
Inverse Function
Inverse Function
Inverse Function
• Let f be a bijection from A to B. Then the inverse of f, denoted f -1, is the
function from B to A defined as
f-1(b) = a iff f(a) = b
• A bijection is called invertible because we can define an inverse of this
function
f(x)= f(x, y)

f-1(x)= f(y, x)
f(x)= f(x, y)

f-1(x)= f(y, x)
f [ f-1(x)= x]
f-1[ f (x)= x]
f [ f-1(x)= 4[(x+5)/4]-5=x
Composition of Function
Composition of Function

•  Let g be a function from set A to set B and


• let f be a function from set B to set C.

• The composition of the function f and g, denoted by fg:


• (f g)(a) = f[g(a)]
• We first apply the function g to a to obtain g(a) and
• then we apply the function f to the result of g(a) to obtain (f g)(a)
Contd..
• Example:
• Let f and g be the function from set of integers to the set of integers
defined by f(x)= 2x+3, g(x)= 3x+2.
• What is the composition of f and g?
• What is the composition of g and f?

You might also like