CCNA Security

Chapter Four
Implementing Firewall Technologies

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 1

Lesson Planning

• This lesson should take 3-6 hours to present

• The lesson should include lecture,
demonstrations, discussion and assessment
• The lesson can be taught in person or using
remote instruction

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 2

Major Concepts

• Implement ACLs
• Describe the purpose and operation of firewall
technologies
• Implement CBAC
• Zone-based Policy Firewall using SDM and CLI

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 3

Lesson Objectives

Upon completion of this lesson, the successful participant will

be able to:
1. Describe standard and extended ACLs
2. Describe applications of standard and extended ACLs
3. Describe the relationship between topology and flow for ACLs and
describe the proper selection of ACL types for particular topologies
(ACL design methodology)
4. Describe how to implement ACLs with SDM
5. Describe the usage and syntax for complex ACLs
6. Describe the usage and syntax for dynamic ACLs
7. Interpret the output of the show and debug commands used to
verify and troubleshoot complex ACL implementations

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 4

Lesson Objectives

8. Describe how to mitigate common network attacks with ACLs

9. Describe the purpose of firewalls and where they reside in a
modern network
10. Describe the various types of firewalls
11. Describe design considerations for firewalls and the implications
for the network security policy
12. Describe the role of CBAC in a modern network
13. Describe the underlying operation of CBAC
14. Describe the configuration of CBAC
15. Describe the verification and troubleshooting of CBAC

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 5

Lesson Objectives

16. Describe the role of Zone-Based Policy Firewall in a modern

network
17. Describe the underlying operation of Zone-Based Policy Firewall
18. Describe the implementation of Zone-Based Policy Firewall with
CLI
19. Describe the implementation of Zone-Based Policy Firewall with
manual SDM
20. Describe the implementation of Zone-Based Policy Firewall with
the SDM Wizard
21. Describe the verification and troubleshooting of Zone-Based Policy
Firewall

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 6

ACL Topology and Types

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 7

Standard Numbered IP ACLs

Router(config)# access-list {1-99} {permit | deny}

source-addr [source-mask]

• The first value specifies the ACL number

• The second value specifies whether to permit or deny the configured
source IP address traffic
• The third value is the source IP address that must be matched
• The fourth value is the wildcard mask to be applied to the previously
configured IP address to indicate the range
• All ACLs assume an implicit deny statement at the end of the ACL6+
• At least one permit statement should be included or all traffic will be
dropped once that ACL is applied to an interface

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 8

Extended Numbered IP ACLs

Router(config)# access-list {100-199} {permit | deny}

protocol source-addr [source-mask] [operator operand]
destination-addr [destination-mask] [operator operand]
[established]

• The first value specifies the ACL number

• The second value specifies whether to permit or deny accordingly
• The third value indicates protocol type
• The source IP address and wildcard mask determine where traffic
originates. The destination IP address and wildcard mask are used
to indicate the final destination of the network traffic
• The command to apply the standard or extended numbered ACL:
Router(config-if)# ip access-group number {in | out}

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 9

Named IP ACLs
Router(config)# ip access-list extended vachon1

Router(config-ext-nacl)# deny ip any 200.1.2.10

0.0.0.1
Standard Router(config-ext-nacl)# permit tcp any host
200.1.1.11 eq 80
Router(config-ext-nacl)# permit tcp any host
200.1.1.10 eq 25
Router(config-ext-nacl)# permit tcp any eq 25 host
200.1.1.10 any established
Router(config-ext-nacl)# permit tcp any 200.1.2.0
0.0.0.255 established
Router(config-ext-nacl)# permit udp any eq 53
200.1.2.0 0.0.0.255
Router(config-ext-nacl)# deny ip any any

Router(config-ext-nacl)# interface ethernet 1

Router(config-if)# ip access-group vachon1 in

Router(config-if)# exit

Extended

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 10

The log Parameter

*May 1 22:12:13.243: %SEC-6-IPACCESSLOGP: list ACL-IPv4-E0/0-

IN permitted tcp 192.168.1.3(1024) -> 192.168.2.1(22), 1 packet

*May 1 22:17:16.647: %SEC-6-IPACCESSLOGP: list ACL-IPv4-E0/0-

IN permitted tcp 192.168.1.3(1024) -> 192.168.2.1(22), 9 packets

There are several pieces of information logged:

• The action—permit or deny
• The protocol—TCP, UDP, or ICMP
• The source and destination addresses
• For TCP and UDP—the source and destination port numbers
• For ICMP—the message types

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 11

ACL Configuration Guidelines

• ACLs are created globally and then applied to interfaces

• ACLs filter traffic going through the router, or traffic to
and from the router, depending on how it is applied
• Only one ACL per interface, per protocol, per direction
• Standard or extended indicates the information that is
used to filter packets
• ACLs are process top-down. The most specific
statements must go at the top of the list
• All ACLs have an implicit “deny all” statement at the end,
therefore every list must have at least one permit
statement to allow any traffic to pass

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 12

Applying Standard ACLs
Use a standard ACL to block all traffic from
172.16.4.0/24 network, but allow all other traffic.

r1

r1(config)# access-list 1 deny

172.16.4.0 0.0.0.255
r1(config)# access-list 1 permit any
r1(config)# interface ethernet 0
r1(config-if)# ip access-group 1 out
© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 13
Applying Extended ACLs

Use an extended ACL to block all FTP traffic from

172.16.4.0/24 network, but allow all other traffic.

r1

access-list 101 deny tcp 172.16.4.0 0.0.0.255

172.16.3.0 0.0.0.255 eq 21
access-list 101 deny tcp 172.16.4.0 0.0.0.255
172.16.3.0 0.0.0.255 eq 20
access-list 101 permit ip any any

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 14

Other CLI Commands

• To ensure that only traffic from a subnet is

blocked and all other traffic is allowed:
access-list 1 permit any
• To place an ACL on the inbound E1 interface:
interface ethernet 1
ip access-group 101 in
• To check the intended effect of an ACL:
show ip access-list

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 15

How ACLs Work

Click to view examples

Inbound ACL Outbound ACL

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 16
ACL Placement
Standard ACLs should be placed as close to the destination as
possible. Standard ACLs filter packets based on the source address
only. If placed too close to the source, it can deny all traffic, including
valid traffic.

Extended ACLs should be placed on routers as close as possible

to the source that is being filtered. If placed too far from the
source being filtered, there is inefficient use of network resources.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 17

Using Nmap for Planning
PC-A$ nmap --system-dns 192.168.20.0/24
Interesting ports on webserver.branch1.com (192.168.20.2):
(The 1669 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: filtered)
PORT STATE SERVICE
110 open pop3

R2

Serial 0/0/0

PO
F0/1 P3
R1
R3
PO F0/0
P3

192.168.20.2/24

PC A POP3 Server

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 18

Using SDM

Choose the Configure option

for configuring ACLs

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 19

Access Rules
Choose Configure > Additional Tasks > ACL Editor

Rule types:
• Access Rules
• NAT Rules
• Ipsec Rules
• NAC Rules
• Firewall Rules
• QoS Rules
• Unsupported Rules
• Externally Defined Rules
• Cisco SDM Default Rules

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 20

Configuring Standard Rules
Using SDM
1. Choose Configure > Additional Tasks > ACL Editor > Access Rules
2. Click Add
3. Enter a name or number 6. Choose Permit or Deny

4. Choose Standard Rule

Optionally, enter a description 7. Choose an address type

5. Click Add 8. Complete this field based

on the choice made in #7
9. Enter an optional description
10. Optional checkbox

11. Click OK

12. Continue adding or editing rules

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 21
Applying a Rule to an Interface

2. Choose the interface

3. Choose a direction

4. An information box with options

appears if a rule is already
associated with that interface,
that direction.
1. Click Associate

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 22

Viewing Commands

R1# show running-config interface FastEthernet0/1

<output omitted> ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
! ip access-group Outbound in
hostname R1 <output omitted>
<output omitted> !
enable secret 5 interface Serial0/0/0
$1$MJD8$.1LWYcJ6iUi133Yg7vGHG/ ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.252
<output omitted> clock rate 128000
crypto pki trustpoint TP-self-signed- !
1789018390 <output omitted>
enrollment selfsigned
no ip http server
subject-name cn=IOS-Self-Signed-
ip http secure-server
Certificate-1789018390
!
revocation-check none
rsakeypair TP-self-signed-1789018390 ip access-list standard Outbound
! remark SDM_ACL Category=1
crypto pki certificate chain TP-self- permit 192.168.1.3
signed-1789018390 !
certificate self-signed 01 access-list 100 remark SDM_ACL Category=16
3082023A 308201A3 A0030201 02020101 access-list 100 deny tcp any host
300D0609 2A864886 F70D0101 04050030 192.168.1.3 eq telnet log
<output omitted> access-list 100 permit ip any any
1BF29620 A084B701 5B92483D D934BE31 !
ECB7AB56 8FFDEA93 E2061F33 8356 <output omitted>
quit !

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 23

Types of ACLs

• Standard IP ACLs
• Extended IP ACLs
• Extended IP ACLs using TCP established
• Reflexive IP ACLs
• Dynamic ACLs
• Time-Based ACLs
• Context-based Access Control (CBAC) ACLs

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 24

Syntax for TCP Established

Router(config)# access-list access-list-number

{permit | deny} protocol source source-wildcard
[operator port] destination destination-wildcard
[operator port] [established]

The established keyword:

• Forces a check by the routers to see if the ACK, FIN, PSH,
RST, SYN or URG TCP control flags are set. If flag is set,
the TCP traffic is allowed in.
• Does not implement a stateful firewall on a router
• Hackers can take advantage of the open hole
• Option does not apply to UDP or ICMP traffic

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 25

Example Using TCP Established
access-list 100 permit tcp any eq 443 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
established
access-list 100 permit tcp any 192.168.1.3 eq 22
access-list 100 deny ip any any 
S on interface s0/0/0ip access-group 100 in
TTP nati
H st i
De rt
Po

Serial0/0/0 R Serial0/0/1
2

Serial 0/0/0 Serial0/0/1

R R
HT rt Set

1
F0/1 3 F0/1
Po lag
TP wi t
F

S hC
So o
ur ntr
ce ol

R
1
PC A
PC C
192.168.1.3/24

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 26

Reflexive ACLs

• Provide a truer form of

session filtering
te
ni t ia io n
I ss
Se • Much harder to spoof
Serial0/0/0
R
2
Serial0/0/1
• Allow an administrator to
perform actual session
filtering for any type of IP
Serial 0/0/0
Serial0/0/1
traffic
• Work by using temporary
Re Te
by CE
tu m p
A

R R
rn o

1 F0/1 3 access control entries

Tr ral

F0/1
af R

(ACEs)
fic ef
Pe lex
rm ive

R
itt
ed

1
PC A PC C

192.168.1.3/24

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 27

Configuring a Router to
Use Reflexive ACLs

1. Create an internal ACL that

ti a
te r
c looks for new outbound
Ini TP o raffi
T
H ST sessions and creates
DN
temporary reflexive ACEs
R Serial0/0/1
Serial0/
0/0
Internet
2 2. Create an external ACL that
uses the reflexive ACLs to
examine return traffic
Serial 0/0/0
3. Activate the named ACLs on
Re affi r De
Tr the
t u c P ni

the appropriate interfaces

O

r n e ed

R
HT rm

1
TP itte
an d –
d A
DN ll
S

PC A

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 28

Dynamic ACL Overview

• Available for IP traffic only

• Dependent on Telnet connectivity, authentication, and extended
ACLs
• Security benefits include:
- Use of a challenge mechanism to authenticate users
- Simplified management in large internetworks
- Reduction of the amount of router processing that is required for ACLs
- Reduction of the opportunity for network break-ins by network hackers
- Creation of dynamic user access through a firewall without
compromising other configured security restrictions

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 29

Implementing a Dynamic ACL

Remote user opens a Telnet or

The router SSH connection to the router.
authenticates the The router prompts the user for
connection a username and password

Dynamic ACL
entry added that
grants user access

User can access the

internal resources

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 30

Setting up a Dynamic ACL

Router(config)# access-list ACL_# dynamic dynamic_ACL_name [timeout

minutes] {deny | permit} IP_protocol source_IP_address src_wildcard_mask
destination_IP_address dst_wildcard_mask [established] [log]

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 31

CLI Commands

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 32

Time-based ACLs

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 33

CLI Commands

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 34

Example Configuration
Perimeter(config)# time-range employee-time
Perimeter(config-time)# periodic weekdays 12:00 to 13:00
Perimeter(config-time)# periodic weekdays 17:00 to 19:00
Perimeter(config-time)# exit
R2 Serial0/0/1
Internet Perimeter(config)# access-list 100 permit tcp any host
200.1.1.11 eq 25
Perimeter(config)# access-list 100 permit tcp any eq 25
host 200.1.1.11 established
Perimeter(config)# access-list 100 permit udp any host
200.1.1.12 eq 53
Perimeter(config)# access-list 100 permit udp any eq 53
host 200.1.1.12
Perimeter(config)# access-list 100 permit tcp any
200.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 established time-range employee-time
Serial 0/0/0 10.1.1.1 Perimeter(config)# access-list 100 deny ip any any
Perimeter(config)# interface ethernet 1
Perimeter(config-if)# ip access-group 100 in
I can’t surf the Perimeter(config-if)# exit
R1 Perimeter(config)# access-list 101 permit tcp host
web at 10:00 200.1.1.11 eq 25 any
192.168.1.0/24
A.M. because Perimeter(config)# access-list 101 permit tcp host
200.1.1.11 any eq 25
of the time- Perimeter(config)# access-list 101 permit udp host
based ACL! 200.1.1.12 eq 53 any
Perimeter(config)# access-list 101 permit udp host
200.1.1.12 any eq 53
Perimeter(config)# access-list 101 permit tcp 200.1.1.0
0.0.0.255 any time-range employee-time
Perimeter(config)# access-list 100 deny ip any any
Perimeter(config)# interface ethernet 1
Perimeter(config-if)# ip access-group 101 out

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 35

Verifying ACL Configuration

R Serial0/0/1
Serial0/0/0 2

The ACLs are

implemented. Serial0/0/1
Now it is time to Serial 0/0/0

verify that they

R R
are working 1
F0/1 3 F0/1
properly.
Router# show access-lists [access-list-number |
access-list-name]
R
1

PC C

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 36

Confirmation

Perimeter# show access-list 100

Extended IP access list 100
permit tcp any host 200.1.1.14 eq www (189 matches)
permit udp any host 200.1.1.13 eq domain (32 matches)
permit tcp any host 200.1.1.12 eq smtp
permit tcp any eq smtp host 200.1.1.12 established
permit tcp any host 200.1.1.11 eq ftp
permit tcp any host 200.1.1.11 eq ftp-data
permit tcp any eq www 200.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 established
permit udp any eq domain 200.1.2.0 0.0.0.255
deny ip any any (1237 matches)

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 37

Troubleshooting

Perimeter# debug ip packet

IP packet debugging is on

IP: s=172.69.13.44 (Serial0/0), d=10.125.254.1 (Serial0/1), g=172.69.16.2, forward

IP: s=200.0.2.2 (Ethernet0), d=10.36.125.2 (Serial0/1), g=172.69.16.2, forward
IP: s=200.0.2.6 (Ethernet0), d=255.255.255.255, rcvd 2
IP: s=200.0.2.55 (Ethernet0), d=172.69.2.42 (Serial0/0), g=172.69.13.6, forward
IP: s=200.0.2.33 (Ethernet0), d=10.130.2.156 (Serial0/1), g=172.69.16.2, forward
IP: s=200.0.2.27 (Ethernet0), d=172.69.43.126 (Serial0/0), g=172.69.23.5, forward
IP: s=200.0.2.27 (Ethernet0), d=172.69.43.126 (Serial0/0), g=172.69.13.6, forward
IP: s=200.5.5.5 (Ethernet1), d=255.255.255.255, rcvd 2
IP: s=200.0.2.2 (Ethernet0), d=10.36.125.2 (Serial0/1), g=172.69.16.2, access denied

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 38

Attacks Mitigated

ACLs can be used to:

• Mitigate IP address spoofing—inbound/outbound
• Mitigate Denial of service (DoS) TCP synchronizes (SYN) attacks—
blocking external attacks
• Mitigate DoS TCP SYN attacks—using TCP intercept
• Mitigate DoS smurf attacks
• Filter Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) messages—inbound
• Filter ICMP messages—outbound
• Filter traceroute

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 39

CLI Commands

Inbound
R1(config)#access-list 150 deny ip 0.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any
R1(config)#access-list 150 deny ip 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any
R1(config)#access-list 150 deny ip 127.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any
R1(config)#access-list 150 deny ip 172.16.0.0 0.15.255.255 any
R1(config)#access-list 150 deny ip 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255 any
R1(config)#access-list 150 deny ip 224.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 any
R1(config)#access-list 150 deny ip host 255.255.255.255 any

Outbound
R1(config)#access-list 105 permit ip 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 40

Allowing Common Services

Internet

Serial 0/0/0

200.5.5.5/24
F0/1 R1 F0/0

DNS, SMTP, FTP

R1
PC A
192.168.20.2/24

R1(config)#access-list 122 permit udp any host 192.168.20.2 eq domain

R1(config)#access-list 122 permit tcp any host 192.168.20.2 eq smtp
R1(config)#access-list 122 permit tcp any host 192.168.20.2 eq ftp

R1(config)#access-list 180 permit tcp host 200.5.5.5 host 10.0.1.1 eq telnet

R1(config)#access-list 180 permit tcp host 200.5.5.5 host 10.0.1.1 eq 22
R1(config)#access-list 180 permit udp host 200.5.5.5 host 10.0.1.1 eq syslog
R1(config)#access-list 180 permit udp host 200.5.5.5 host 10.0.1.1 eq snmptrap

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 41

Controlling ICMP Messages

Internet

Serial 0/0/0

200.5.5.5/24
F0/1 R1 F0/0

192.168.20.2/24
R1 PC A
Inbound on S0/0/0
R1(config)#access-list 112 permit icmp any any echo-reply
R1(config)#access-list 112 permit icmp any any source-quench
R1(config)#access-list 112 permit icmp any any unreachable
R1(config)#access-list 112 deny icmp any any

Outbound on S0/0/0
R1(config)#access-list 114 permit icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any echo
R1(config)#access-list 114 permit icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any parameter-problem
R1(config)#access-list 114 permit icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any packet-too-big
R1(config)#access-list 114 permit icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any source-quench

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 42

Firewalls

• A firewall is a system that enforces an access

control policy between network
• Common properties of firewalls:
- The firewall is resistant to attacks
- The firewall is the only transit point between networks
- The firewall enforces the access control policy

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 43

Benefits of Firewalls

• Prevents exposing sensitive • Firewalls prevent malicious

hosts and applications to data from being sent to servers
untrusted users and clients.
• Prevent the exploitation of • Properly configured firewalls
protocol flaws by sanitizing the make security policy
protocol flow enforcement simple, scalable,
and robust.
• A firewall reduces the
complexity of security
management by offloading
most of the network access
control to a couple of points in
the network.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 44

Types of Filtering Firewalls

• Packet-filtering firewall—is typically a router that has the capability to

filter on some of the contents of packets (examines Layer 3 and
sometimes Layer 4 information)
• Stateful firewall—keeps track of the state of a connection: whether
the connection is in an initiation, data transfer, or termination state
• Application gateway firewall (proxy firewall) —filters information at
Layers 3, 4, 5, and 7. Firewall control and filtering done in software.
• Address-translation firewall—expands the number of IP addresses
available and hides network addressing design.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 45

Types of Filtering Firewalls

• Host-based (server and personal) firewall—a PC or server with

firewall software running on it.
• Transparent firewall—filters IP traffic between a pair of bridged
interfaces.
• Hybrid firewalls—some combination of the above firewalls. For
example, an application inspection firewall combines a stateful
firewall with an application gateway firewall.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 46

Packet-Filtering Firewall
Advantages

• Are based on simple permit or deny rule set

• Have a low impact on network performance
• Are easy to implement
• Are supported by most routers
• Afford an initial degree of security at a low
network layer
• Perform 90% of what higher-end firewalls do, at
a much lower cost

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 47

Packet-Filtering Firewall
Disadvantages

• Packet filtering is susceptible to IP spoofing. Hackers

send arbitrary packets that fit ACL criteria and pass
through the filter.
• Packet filters do not filter fragmented packets well.
Because fragmented IP packets carry the TCP header in
the first fragment and packet filters filter on TCP header
information, all fragments after the first fragment are
passed unconditionally.
• Complex ACLs are difficult to implement and maintain
correctly.
• Packet filters cannot dynamically filter certain services.
• Packet filters are stateless.
© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 48
Stateful Firewall

10.1.1.1 200.3.3.3

source port 1500 destination port 80

Inside ACL Outside ACL

(Outgoing Traffic) (Incoming Traffic)
Dynamic: permit tcp host 200.3.3.3
eq 80 host 10.1.1.1 eq 1500
permit ip 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 any permit tcp any host 10.1.1.2 eq 25
permit udp any host 10.1.1.2 eq 53
deny ip any any

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 49

Stateful Firewalls
Advantages/Disadvantages

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 50

Cisco Systems Firewall Solutions

• IOS Firewall
– Zone-based policy framework for intuitive management
– Instant messenger and peer-to-peer application filtering
– VoIP protocol firewalling
– Virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) firewalling
– Wireless integration
– Stateful failover
– Local URL whitelist and blacklist support
– Application inspection for web and e-mail traffic

• PIX 500 Series

• ASA 5500 Series

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 51

Design with DMZ

Private-DMZ
Policy DMZ
DMZ-Private
Policy Public-DMZ
Policy

Trusted Internet Untrusted

Private-Public
Policy

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 52

Layered Defense Scenario

Endpoint security:
Provides identity and device
security policy compliance

Communications security:
Provides information assurance

Network
Perimeter security:
Core
Secures boundaries between
zones

Core network security:

Protects against malicious
software and traffic anomalies,
enforces network policies, and
ensures survivability
Disaster recovery:
Offsite storage and redundant architecture

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 53

Firewall Best Practices

• Position firewalls at security boundaries.

• Firewalls are the primary security device. It is unwise to rely
exclusively on a firewall for security.
• Deny all traffic by default. Permit only services that are needed.
• Ensure that physical access to the firewall is controlled.
• Regularly monitor firewall logs.
• Practice change management for firewall configuration
changes.
• Remember that firewalls primarily protect from technical
attacks originating from the outside.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 54

Design Example

Internet
R
2

Cisco
Serial Serial0/0/1 Router
Cisco Router 0/0/0 F0/ F0/ with
with 0 0 IOS
IOS Firewall R R Firewall
F0/ 1 3 F0/
1 1

F0/ F0/
5 5
S S
F0/6 1 3 F0/1
F0/1 8
F0/1 S
F0/12
8

PC A PC
(RADIUS/TACACS+) C

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 55

Introduction to CBAC

• Provides four main functions:

• Filters TCP and UDP packets - Traffic Filtering
based on application layer protocol - Traffic Inspection
session information
- Intrusion Detection
• Provides stateful application layer
filtering - Generation of Audits and Alerts

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 56

CBAC Capabilities

Monitors TCP Connection Setup

Examines TCP Sequence Numbers

Inspects DNS Queries and Replies

Inspects Common ICMP Message Types

Supports Applications with Multiple Channels, such as
FTP and Multimedia
Inspects Embedded Addresses

Inspects Application Layer Information

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 57

CBAC Overview

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 58

Step-by-Step

1. Examines the fa0/0 inbound 2. IOS compares packet type

ACL to determine if telnet to inspection rules to
requests are permitted to leave determine if Telent should
the network. be tracked.

Request Telnet 209.x.x.x

Fa0/0
S0/0/0

3. Adds information to the 4. Adds a dynamic entry to the

state type to track the inbound ACL on s0/0/0 to allow
Telnet session. reply packets back into the
internal network.

5. Once the session is terminated by the client, the router

will remove the state entry and dynamic ACL entry.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 59

CBAC TCP Handling

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 60

CBAC UDP Handling

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 61

CBAC Example

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Configuration of CBAC

Four Steps to Configure

• Step 1: Pick an Interface
• Step 2: Configure IP ACLs at the Interface
• Step 3: Define Inspection Rules
• Step 4: Apply an Inspection Rule to an Interface

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 63

Step 1: Pick an Interface

Two-Interface

Three-Interface

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 64

Step 2: Configure IP ACLs
at the Interface

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Step 3: Define Inspection Rules

Router(config)#
ip inspect name inspection_name protocol [alert {on | off}] [audit-trail
{on | off}] [timeout seconds]

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Step 4: Apply an Inspection Rule
to an Interface

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Verification and Troubleshooting
of CBAC

• Alerts and Audits

• show ip inspect Parameters
• debug ip inspect Parameters

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 68

Alerts and Audits

*note: Alerts are enabled by default and automatically display on

the console line of the router. If alerts have been disabled using the
ip inspect alert-off command, the no form of that
command, as seen above, is required to re-enable alerts.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 69

show ip inspect Parameters

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 70

debug ip inspect Parameters

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 71

Topology Example

Each zone holds only

one interface.

• If an additional interface is added to the private zone, the hosts

connected to the new interface in the private zone can pass traffic to
all hosts on the existing interface in the same zone.

• Additionally, hosts connected to the new interface in the private zone

must adhere to all existing “private” policies related to that zone when
passing traffic to other zones.
© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 72
Benefits

Two Zones

• Zone-based policy firewall is not dependent on ACLs

• The router security posture is now “block unless explicitly allowed”
• C3PL (Cisco Common Classification Policy Language) makes policies easy to
read and troubleshoot
• One policy affects any given traffic, instead of needing multiple ACLs and
inspection actions.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 73

The Design Process

1. Internetworking infrastructure under consideration is split into well-

documented separate zones with various security levels 
2. For each pair of source-destination zones, the sessions that clients
in source zones are allowed to open to servers in destination zones
are defined. For traffic that is not based on the concept of sessions
(for example, IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload [ESP]), the
administrator must define unidirectional traffic flows from source to
destination and vice versa. 
3. The administrator must design the physical infrastructure. 
4. For each firewall device in the design, the administrator must identify
zone subsets connected to its interfaces and merge the traffic
requirements for those zones, resulting in a device-specific interzone
policy.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 74

Common Designs

LAN-to-Internet Public Servers

Redundant Firewalls Complex Firewall

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 75

Zones Simplify Complex Firewall

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 76

Actions

Inspect – This Drop – This action is Pass – This action is

action configures analogous to deny in analogous to permit
Cisco IOS stateful an ACL in an ACL
packet inspection

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 77

Rules for Application Traffic

Source Destination Zone-pair Policy exists? RESULT

interface interface exists?
member of member of
zone? zone?
No impact of
NO NO N/A N/A
zoning/policy
No policy
YES (zone 1) YES (zone 1) N/A* N/A lookup
(PASS)
YES NO N/A N/A DROP
NO YES N/A N/A DROP
YES (zone 1) YES (zone 2) NO N/A DROP
YES (zone 1) YES (zone 2) YES NO DROP
YES (zone 1) YES (zone 2) YES YES policy actions

*zone-pair must have different zone as source and destination

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 78
Rules for Router Traffic

Source Destination
Zone-
interface interface Policy
pair RESULT
member of member of exists?
exists?
zone? zone?
ROUTER YES NO - PASS
ROUTER YES YES NO PASS
policy
ROUTER YES YES YES
actions
YES ROUTER NO - PASS
YES ROUTER YES NO PASS
policy
YES ROUTER YES YES
actions

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 79

Implementing Zone-based Policy
Firewall with CLI
1. Create the zones for the firewall 2. Define traffic classes with the
with the zone security class-map type inspect
command command

3. Specify firewall policies with 4. Apply firewall policies to pairs of

the policy-map type source and destination zones with
inspect command zone-pair security

5. Assign router interfaces to zones using the zone-member security

interface command
© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 80
Step 1: Create the Zones

FW(config)# zone security Inside

FW(config-sec-zone)# description Inside network
FW(config)# zone security Outside
FW(config-sec-zone)# description Outside network

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 81

Step 2: Define Traffic Classes

FW(config)# class-map type inspect FOREXAMPLE

FW(config-cmap)# match access-group 101
FW(config-cmap)# match protocol tcp
FW(config-cmap)# match protocol udp
FW(config-cmap)# match protocol icmp
FW(config-cmap)# exit
FW(config)# access-list 101 permit ip 10.0.0.0
0.0.0.255 any

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 82

Step 3: Define Firewall Policies

FW(config)# policy-map type inspect InsideToOutside

FW(config-pmap)# class type inspect FOREXAMPLE
FW(config-pmap-c)# inspect

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 83

Step 4: Assign Policy Maps to Zone Pairs
and Assign Router Interfaces to Zones

FW(config)# zone-pair security InsideToOutside source Inside

destination Outside
FW(config-sec-zone-pair)# description Internet Access
FW(config-sec-zone-pair)# service-policy type inspect
InsideToOutside
FW(config-sec-zone-pair)# interface F0/0
FW(config-if)# zone-member security Inside
FW(config-if)# interface S0/0/0.100 point-to-point
FW(config-if)# zone-member security Outside

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 84

Final ZPF Configuration

policy-map type inspect InsideToOutside class

class-default inspect
!
zone security Inside description Inside
network
zone security Outside description Outside
network
zone-pair security InsideToOutside source
Inside destination Outside
service-policy type inspect InsideToOutside
!
interface FastEthernet0/0 zone-member
security Inside
!
interface Serial0/0/0.100 point-to-point
zone-member security Outside

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 85

Manually Implementing Zone-based
Policy Firewall with SDM

• Step 1: Define zones

• Step 2: Configure class maps to describe traffic
between zones
• Step 3: Create policy maps to apply actions to
the traffic of the class maps
• Step 4: Define zone pairs and assign policy
maps to the zone pairs

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 86

Define Zones
1. Choose Configure > Additional Tasks > Zones

2. Click Add

3. Enter a zone name

4. Choose the interfaces

for this zone

5. Click OK to create the zone and click OK at

the Commands Delivery Status window
© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 87
Configure Class Maps
1. Choose Configure > Additional Tasks > C3PL > Class Map > Inspections

2. Review, create, and edit class maps. To edit a class

map, choose the class map from the list and click Edit

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 88

Create Policy Maps
1. Choose Configure > Additional Tasks >
C3PL > Policy Map > Protocol Inspection
2. Click Add

3. Enter a policy name and description

4. Click Add to add a new class map

6. Choose Pass, Drop, or Inspect

5. Enter the name of the class map
to apply. Click the down arrow for a
7. Click OK pop-up menu, if name unknown

8. To add another class map, click Add, to modify/delete the actions

of a class map, choose the class map and click Edit/Delete
9. Click OK. At the Command Delivery Status window, click OK
© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 89
Define Zone Pairs
1. Choose Configure > Additional Tasks > Zone Pairs

2. Click Add

3. Enter a name for the zone

pair. Choose a source zone, a
destination zone and a policy

4. Click OK and click OK in the Command Delivery Status window

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 90

Accessing the Basic Firewall
Configuration
1. Choose Configuration > Firewall and ACL

2. Click the Basic Firewall option and

click Launch the Selected Task button

3. Click Next to begin configuration

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 91

Configuring a Firewall

1. Check the outside (untrusted) check box and the

inside (trusted) check box to identify each interface

2. (Optional) Check box if the intent is to allow users outside

of the firewall to be able to access the router using SDM.
After clicking Next, a screen displays that allows the admin
to specify a host IP address or network address

3. Click Next. If the Allow Secure SDM Access check box is checked,
the Configuring Firewall for Remote Access window appears

4. From the Configuring Firewall choose Network address, Host Ip

address or any from the Type drop-down list

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 92

Basic Firewall Security Configuration

2. Click the Preview Commands

Button to view the IOS commands

1. Select the security level

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Firewall Configuration Summary

Click Finish

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 94

Reviewing Policy
1. Choose Configure > Firewall and ACL

2. Click Edit Firewall Policy tab

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 95

CLI Generated Output
List of
services
class-map type inspect match-any iinsprotocols defined in the
match protocol http firewall policy
match protocol smtp
match protocol ftp
!
policy-map type inspect iinspolicy Apply action (inspect =
class type inspect iinsprotocols stateful inspection)
inspect
!
zone security private Zones created
zone security internet
!
interface fastethernet 0/0 Interfaces assigned to
zone-member security private zones
!
interface serial 0/0/0
zone-member security internet
!
zone-pair security priv-to-internet source private destination internet
service-policy type inspect iinspolicy
! Inspection applied
from private to
public zones

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 96

Firewall Status Information

1. Choose Monitor > Firewall Status

2. Choose one of the following options:

•Real-time data every 10 sec
•60 minutes of data polled every 1 minute
•12 hours of data polled every 12 minutes

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 97

Display Active Connection

Router# show policy-map type inspect zone-pair session

• Shows zone-based policy firewall session

statistics

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© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 99