The document discusses adsorption at solid interfaces, including solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces. It describes how adsorption occurs when molecules accumulate on the surface of a solid due to physical forces or chemical bonds. The extent of adsorption depends on temperature, pressure, and the solid's surface area. Adsorption isotherms show the relationship between adsorbed gas and pressure at equilibrium. Adsorption from liquids is more complex, involving competition between solute and solvent molecules. Common adsorption models for liquids include the Langmuir and Freundlich equations.
The document discusses adsorption at solid interfaces, including solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces. It describes how adsorption occurs when molecules accumulate on the surface of a solid due to physical forces or chemical bonds. The extent of adsorption depends on temperature, pressure, and the solid's surface area. Adsorption isotherms show the relationship between adsorbed gas and pressure at equilibrium. Adsorption from liquids is more complex, involving competition between solute and solvent molecules. Common adsorption models for liquids include the Langmuir and Freundlich equations.
The document discusses adsorption at solid interfaces, including solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces. It describes how adsorption occurs when molecules accumulate on the surface of a solid due to physical forces or chemical bonds. The extent of adsorption depends on temperature, pressure, and the solid's surface area. Adsorption isotherms show the relationship between adsorbed gas and pressure at equilibrium. Adsorption from liquids is more complex, involving competition between solute and solvent molecules. Common adsorption models for liquids include the Langmuir and Freundlich equations.
The document discusses adsorption at solid interfaces, including solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces. It describes how adsorption occurs when molecules accumulate on the surface of a solid due to physical forces or chemical bonds. The extent of adsorption depends on temperature, pressure, and the solid's surface area. Adsorption isotherms show the relationship between adsorbed gas and pressure at equilibrium. Adsorption from liquids is more complex, involving competition between solute and solvent molecules. Common adsorption models for liquids include the Langmuir and Freundlich equations.
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PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS
SEMINAR Satyam Sachan 18BPH1042 Topic-Adsorption at solid interface Reference- Pawar.H “ Textbook of physical pharmaceutics-II” Everest publishing house 2nd edn Pg no- 153-165 INTRODUCTION • Adsorption-is a surface process that leads to transfer of a molecule from a fluid bulk to solid surface. • This can occur because of physical forces or by chemical bonds. Usually it is reversible (the reverse process is called desorption); then it is responsible not only for a subtraction of substances but also for release. • In most of the cases, this process is described at the equilibrium by means of some equations that quantify the amount of substance attached on the surface given the concentration in the fluid. • The solid on the surface of which gas or a liquid molecules accumulate is called ‘adsorbent’. • The substance (gas or liquid) whose molecules accumulate on the solid surface is called ‘adsorbate’. Non-adsorbed gas is called ‘adsorptive’. ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE)
• Any solid is capable of adsorbing a certain amount of gas, the
• extent of adsorption at equilibrium depends on: • temperature, the pressure of the gas and the effective surface area • of the solid. • The most notable adsorbents are, therefore, highly porous solids, • such as charcoal and silica gel (which have large internal surface • areas) and finely divided powders. • -The relationship at a given temperature between the equilibrium Amount of gas adsorbed and the pressure of the gas is known as the adsorption isotherm ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE) • When adsorption takes place, the gas molecules are restricted to two- dimensional motion. Gas adsorption processes are, therefore, accompanied by a decrease in entropy. • Since adsorption also involves a decrease in free energy, • then, from the thermodynamic relationship, • ΔG = ΔH-TΔS • it is evident that ΔHads. must be negative - i.e. the • adsorption of gases and vapours on solids is always an • exothermic process. ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE) • Types of adsorption • 1> Physical or Van der Waal’s adsorption • 2> Chemical adsorption or chemisorption. ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE) ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE)
• ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS Basics
• Adsorption process is usually studied through graphs known as: Adsorption Isotherm. • The amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function if its pressure (gas) or • concentration (liquid) at constant T • In the given Adsorption Isotherm , after saturation pressure Ps adsorption does not increases • Vacancies on the surface of the adsorbent are • limited, at Ps a stage is reached when all the • sites are occupied and further increase in • pressure does not increases adsorption extent. ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE) ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE) • The theoretical treatment of adsorption from solution, however, is, in general, more complicated than that of gas adsorption. • Adsorption from solution always involves competition between solute(s) and solvent or between the components of a liquid mixture for the adsorption sites. Consider, for example, a binary liquid. Mixture in contact with a solid. • Zero adsorption refers to uniform mixture composition right up to the solid surface. • If the proportion of one of the components at the surface is • Greater than its proportion in bulk, then that component is • positively adsorbed and, consequently, the other component is negatively adsorbed. ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE) ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE) • In adsorption from solution, physical adsorption is far more common than chemisorption. However, chemisorption is sometimes possible;for example, fatty acids are chemisorbed from benzene solutions on nickel and platinum catalysts.
• Solute adsorption is usually restricted to a monomolecular layer, since the
solid-solute interactions, although strong enough to compete successfully with the solid-solvent interactions in the first adsorbed monolayer, do not do so in subsequent monolayers. ADSORPTION AT SOLID INTERFACE (THE SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE) • The Langmuir and Freundlich equations are frequently applied to adsorption from solution data, for which they take the form:
Respectively, where x is the amount of solute adsorbed by a mass m of
solid, c is the equilibrium solution concentration, and a, k and n are constants , (x/m)max monolayer capacity . Adsorption from solution has the merit of being experimentally less demanding than gas adsorption; however, the problems in interpretation are far greater. Thank You
