DEP 50063 –

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

TOPIC 1

1.0 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM

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1.1 Remember Background of Wireless Communication

1.1.1 Fixed Wireless Communication

Fixed wireless communication is the operation of wireless

communication devices or systems used to connect two
fixed locations for point to point transmission (e.g., building
to building or tower to building) with a radio or wireless
link, such as laser bridge.

Usually, fixed wireless is part of a wireless LAN

infrastructure. 

The point to point signal transmission occur through the

air over a terrestrial microwave platform rather than
through copper or fibre; therefore, fixed wireless does not
require satellite feeds or local telephone service.
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Fixed wireless devices derive their electrical power from
the public utility mains.

Fixed wireless services use a directional radio antenna on

each end of the signal (e.g., on each building) for point-to-
point transmission.

Fixed wireless communication is a line of sight (LoS) link

that can transmit and receive data only where transmit and
receive stations are in view of each other without any sort of
an obstacle between them.

The antenna transmits the beam of radio signal in form as

narrow as possible and thus focus transmit power to their
destination increasing reliability and reducing the chance of
eavesdropping or data injection.

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These antennas are typically designed to be used in the
unlicensed ISM bands radio frequency bands (900 MHz,
1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz), however, in most commercial
installations, licensed frequencies may be used to ensure
quality of service (QoS) or to provide higher connection
speeds.

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1.1.2 Mobile Wireless Communication

Mobile wireless communication  is the operation

of wireless communication devices or systems used to
connect an access point (AP) or radio base station (RBS) to
mobile devices such as phones and computers on the
restricted coverage area called cell.

A cell is wireless communication coverage area that

equipped by a RBS or AP that used a specific frequency
range. Mobile devices able to obtain service (voice & data)
when its stays or moves in a cell .

The mobile devices communicate using a multiple access

technique to allows many  users to share the use of a
communication channel (radio channel) at the same
time despite the their individual transmissions are
originate from different locations. 7
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

Cellular Communication 8
Example of Mobile Wireless Communication is WiFi and
Cellular Communication System.

Mobile wireless devices derive their electrical power from

a battery.

Mobile wireless devices use a Omni-directional antenna

to connect to AP or RBS for point-to-multipoint and vice
versa.

Mobile wireless devices may in LoS or NLoS condition with

the AP or RBS during communication.

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1.1.2 Describe Wireless Communication in Term of
Characteristics, Advantages & Disadvantages.

Wireless communication is the transfer of information

between two or more points that is performed and delivered
wirelessly.

Wireless communications includes all procedures and

forms of connecting and communicating between two or
more devices using a wireless signal using wireless
communication technologies and devices.

Wireless communication technology includes:

two-way radios, mobiles phones, GPS, satellite, microwave
or radio repeater, wireless mice, wireless keyboards,
wireless headset, wireless headphones, radio broadcasting,
TV broadcasting, cordless phones, remote control, and
wireless network. 10
Wireless communication is categorize into 4 categories depends
on its size, standard and data rate (speed):
 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
 Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

Standard

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Wireless Communication Categories

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 WPAN WLAN WMAN WWAN
IEEE 801.15.1 2 G - GSM,
GPRS, EDGE,
Bluetooth
CDMA
IEEE 801.11 IEEE 801.16 3G – WCDMA
Standard IEEE 801.15.4 WiFi WiMax (UMTS),
HSPDA,
Low Rate
HPSDA+
WPAN 4G – WiMAX,
LTE, LTE+
5G
384 Kbps
1 Mbps to 2 11 – 540
Speed 75 - 300 Mbps – 100
Mbps Mbps
Mbps
Long Range
Range 3 meter 100 m 50 km Country
Global
Wireless earphone, Intranet. Computer or LAN Internet.
hands free, speaker access to internet.
and microphone. Wireless access Voice calls.
Application to the internet or Voice calls.
Smart phone - intranet. Video calls.
computer Video calls.
synchronization
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Advantages Disadvantages

Flexibility Interference
Flexible to connect multiple devices in radio Potential interference by other frequencies
reception range signal.

Mobility Security
Freedom to move without being tethered by wires Possibility for intruder to lurk into the network
from outside using wireless devices.
Reliability
No network cable failure Health Risk
System maintenance is easy. High level RF signal may produce biological
damage
Easer Installation Through heating effects.
Stay connected.
Easy to install devices into the network. Expensive Starting Cost
New equipment technology
Inexpensive Installation
No or less cable network installation. Low Bandwidth
Low data rates compare to fiber optic for high
Disaster Recovery. number of users.
Easy to relocate the network if any disaster
happen. Limited Spectrum
Limited spectrum frequency allocation for new
Capability technology telecommunication.
Permits workers to shift to mobile workforce.
Ability for workers to access resources. 17
1.2 Understand Wireless Communication Categories

1.2.1 Wireless Personnel Area Network (WPAN)

WPAN is a personal area network for interconnecting devices centered

on an individual’s workspace, in which the connections are wireless.

WPAN use as cable replacement for short distances, up to 10 m

Example for WPAN is Infrared, wireless RF, RFID, Bluetooth, ZigBee,

NFC and etc.

Example WPAN Standard.

 IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth
 IEEE 802.15.4 Low Rate WPAN (ZigBee)
 IEEE 802.15.4f RFID

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WPAN Technology Data Range Application
(IEEE) Rate
802.15.1 Bluetooth 1 Mbps Class 1 Wireless speaker,
– 100 m microphone,
Bluetooth 2.0 2 Mbps earphones, hands free
Class 2 sets.
– 10 m
Smart phone ––
Class 3 computer
–1m synchronization

802.15.3 High Rate 22, 33, 30 – 50 Digital image/video

WPAN (UWB) 44, 55 meter down-load/exchange
Mbps
802.15.4 Low Rate Sensors, meter-
WPAN reading, smart
802.15.4f (ZigBee) 250 Kbps 100 m
tags/badges, home
automation.
802.15.4f Low Rate 1 feet Warehouse, Retail,
WPAN (RFID) Asset record,
manufacturing.

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1.2.2 Variation of IEEE802.11 as Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN) by its operational frequency , maximum data rate
and range distance.

WLAN is a network that allows devices to connect & communicate 

wirelessly via Access Point (AP) within a limited area such as a home,
school, computer laboratory, or office building, thus minimizing the
need for wired connections.

WLAN applications is cable-free access to internet in the office, homes

and hot-spots, like airports, conference centers, hotels, etc and
resources sharing among local devices within local area.

WLAN operational frequency are the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio bands
with approximately 100 m range.

WLAN gives users the ability to move wirelessly within a local coverage
area and still be connected to the network.

WLAN provides the same services as Ethernet (wired LAN) but its
performed without any cable connection 21
WLANs are based on IEEE802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi
brand name IEEE 802.11  are created and maintained by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics (IEEE) LAN /MAN Standards Committee
(IEEE802). 

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IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standard
- Operating frequency, maximum data rate & indoor range

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 1.2.3 WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave
Access)

• WiMAX is Wireless MAN is long range area network that providing a

much larger coverage in wide area place such as city or metropolitan
area based on IEEE 802.16 standard.

• WiMAX is the first carrier system to offer a 4G cellular broadband

network for wireless internet access, providing faster data
downloads uo to 100 Mbps (WiMAX 2.0)

• WiMAX provides broadband wireless communications standard for

fixed, portable access and mobile devices.
• for fixed and portable access - Speed up to 40Mbps per channel and
cell radius up to 10km
• for mobile device - speed up to 15Mbps and cell radius of 3
kilometers

• In line-of-sight (LOS) implementation, WiMAX can provide link

transmitting signals distance up to 30-50km. 26
WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access)

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802.16d – 2004, referred to as Fixed WiMAX͛, has no support for
mobility.
802.16e – 2005, introduced support for mobility and referred
as Mobile WiMAX͛.

WiMAX technologies have capacities for transmitting multimedia data

(internet) with QoS and traffic prioritizing.

The voice communications in WiMAX is using VoIP, much cheaper than

GSM traffic.

WiMAX supports:
 modern cryptographic algorithms (with a 1024-bit key) to keep
data in secret.
 MIMO (multiple-input-multiple output) system.
 Multiple access technique : OFDMA
 Enhanced Wimax2

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Wireless Metropolitan
Area Network (WMAN).

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 Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Mobile WiMAX 2.0
Standard IEEE 802.16d (802.16 – IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.16m
2004)
Usage WMAN Fixed WMAN Portable WMAN Portable
Data Rate 75 Mbps 15 Mbps 100 Mbps
Range
4 – 6 miles 1 – 3 miles 1 – 3 miles
(Cell Radius)
Frequency
2 – 11 GHz 2 – 6 GHz 2 – 6 GHz
(Spectrum)
Wireless DSL &
Application Mobile Internet Mobile Internet
Backhaul
Operation Non-LOS Non-LOS & Non-LOS &
Mobile Mobile
Channel BW 1.5 and 20 MHz 1.5 and 20 MHz 5 to 20 MHz
Modulation OFDM, QPSK, 16 QAM,
OFDMA OFDMA & MIMO
64 QAM
Date Oct 2004 Dec 2005 Jan 2012
Complicated

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1.3 Understand Bluetooth Communication

1.3.1 Explain Bluetooth

Bluetooth (IEEE 802.1.15)

Bluetooth is WPAN standard that operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band at
data rate 1 Mbps.

Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost,

low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless
communication.

Bluetooth is a cable replacement of voice and data anywhere in the

world.

Bluetooth is designed to connect devices of different function such as

telephone, computer, camera and printer when they are short
distance.

Bluetooth 2.0 is ratified as enhanced data rate (EDR) to support data

rate at 1 to 2 or 3 Mbps.
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Note: ISM = Industry, Scientific & Medical.
Bluetooth support both point to point and point to multipoint
connection.

Bluetooth employs Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

modulation technique.

Bluetooth frequency band is 2.4 – 2.485 GHz.

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1.3.2 The Class of Bluetooth System in Term of Frequency Band,
Radio Transmit Power, Speed & Distance Range

Bluetooth frequency band is 2.4 – 2.485 GHz.

Bluetooth is categorize into 3 classes; 1, 2 and 3.
Class 1 transmit power is 20 dBm in range up 100 m.
Class 2 transmit power is 4 dBm in range up 10 m.
Class 3 transmit power is 0 dBm in range up 1 m.
Bluetooth speed is data rate of 1 Mbps.
Bluetooth 2.0 is ratified as enhanced data rate (EDR) to support data
rate at 1 ~ 2 or 3 Mbps.

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Note : ~ 100 = up to 100 m.
1.3.3 The Application of Bluetooth

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1.3.4 Bluetooth Network

2 types of Bluetooth network:

 Piconet
 Scatternet

Note: Master = Primary

Slave = Secondary 37
Piconet
• Small net
• Can have until 8 station ( 1 Master, 7 Slaves)
• All slaves stations synchronize their clock and hopping
sequence with the Master.
• Communication between Master and Slave can be as one-to-
one or one-to-many.

Scatternet
• Piconets are combined to form Scatternet.
• A devices can be slave in one Piconet and master of another
Piconet. (M/S)
• M/S can receive messages from the Master in the first
Piconet; thus act a Slave and act as Master in second Piconet

by transmitting message to Slaves

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 First
Piconet

Second
Piconet

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Bluetooth

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1.4 Understand Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

1.4.1 Explain RFID

RFID uses radio frequency waves to transfer data between reader and
moveable item for identification, categorize, tracking and business
transaction.
It uses radio frequency signals to acquire data remotely from tags
within read (or “interrogation”) range. read range.
RFID system contains several components including an RFID tag
(transponder), antenna, RFID reader (transceiver) and Computer
(Host)

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1.4.2 Application of RFID

• Livestock Tagging
• Wild Animal Tracking
• Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)
• Automated Toll Collection
• Ranch Animal Identification
• Vehicle Anti-Theft (Immobilizer) @ Car key ignition
• Passive / Secure Entry
• Airline Baggage Tracking
• Postal Package Tracking
• Time and Attendance (Punch Card)
• Employee ID
• Tracking book in the library
• Inventory checking
• Authorized building access
• Prison inmates (embedded)
• Hospital Patients - Instant history tracking
• Airport Baggage ID
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1.4.3 Categorize 4 components of RFID

RFID tag is a device identification that attach to the item.

RFID tag stores product information in electronic tags that contain an
antenna and chip.
RF tags are devices that contain identification and other information
that can be communicated to a reader from a distance.
RFID tag known as transponder (transmit + transponder)
The tag comprises a simple silicon microchip attached to a small flat
aerial and mounted on a substrate. 
RFID tag can stores data that transmitted in response to an
integration from a reader.
The data held in read-write or read-only memory, can include date,
time and location where the item was manufactured, manufacture’s
name, serial number and so on.

RFID reader read the information store in the RFID tag that received
from the antenna and send the information to the computer.

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Antenna transmit radio frequency (RF) signals to the RFID tag and
receive RF signal from RFID tag.
Convert electrical energy to radio frequency (RF) wave during
transmission.
Convert RF waves to electrical energy during reception.

Computer (Host) process the information that received from RFID

reader and run the application that process the information into
useful information.
Computer also act as middleware to filter the data and route it to the
correct application, to be processed into useful information
Store new item identification to the by RFID TAG.
Add an extra information to the by RFID TAG.

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Transponder (RFID Tag)

Antenna

Tag Reader

Antenna

RFID Tag
@Transponder

RFID Components Host computer

& Software System
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Computer with suitable software used to:
• Controls RFID readers and tags.
• Implement communication protocol between the
readers and tags.
• Control flow data between the readers and tags.
• Reformat the data from reader or tags comply with
format require by Computer & Software System.
• Manage the data base that store information for the
tags. (transaction record)
• Responsible for processing inventory, orders, bills,
invoices and so on.

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1.4.4 Categorize types of RFID

RFID Passive
• Passive tags are of 2 parts, an integrated circuit and an antenna.
• Small, can be produced in large quantities at low cost, long live
span, stable and not required power supply.
• Use the electromagnetic energy in RF waves transmit by
Reader’s antenna to power the integrated circuit and transmit
information stored in its internal memory.
• Disadvantages: less data storage, inability to add features and the
need for data middleware or software to do difficult application.

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RFID Semi Active
Semi-passive tags contain an , an antenna and a battery,
Limited live span due to the battery.
Allows additional features such as sensors, real time tracking and
sound notifications to be applied to the tags.
Transmit information stored in the Tag when it received RF signal from
the Antenna.

RFID Active
Active tags are made up of an integrated circuit, antenna, battery and
onboard transmitter.
Allows additional features such as sensors, real time tracking and
sound notifications to be applied to the tags.
The onboard transmitter serves the purpose of sending energy directly
to the reader rather than reflecting back the energy the reader
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transmitted to the tag, increasing the read range.
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1.5 Apply the Basic Operation for RFID.

1.5.1 Implement Basic Operation for RFID.

RFID Operation
RFID tag is a device identification that attach to the item.
An antenna is RF signal receives RF signals from the RFID tag.
RFID reader read the information store in the RFID tag.
After receiving the information from the reader, RFID Middleware
(computer database) will run specific application to facilitates the
communication between the system and the RFID devices.
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1.5.2 Assign RFID Working Frequency

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RFID Active
Semi-passive tags contain an  integrated circuit an antenna and a
battery,
Equipped with battery to power the microprocessor chip and memory.
Able to transmit the signal farther away.
Limited operation time due to the battery.
Longer read range: 300 feet

Read Only
Tag’s information or ID is stored on them during the
manufacturing process.
The information on such chips can never be changed.
No additional data can be assigned to the tag.

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1.5.3 Implement Read Only and Read/Write for RFID

Read Only
Tag’s information or ID is stored on them during the
manufacturing process.
The information on such chips can never be changed.
No additional data can be assigned to the tag.

Read Write
Additional information can be added or change to the tag.
when the tag is within range of a reader.
Read-write tags usually have a serial number that can't be
written over. (part of data block is locked to prevent over writing)

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Application of RFID
• Livestock Tagging
• Wild Animal Tracking
• Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)
• Automated Toll Collection
• Ranch Animal Identification
• Vehicle Anti-Theft (Immobilizer) @ Car key ignition
• Passive / Secure Entry
• Airline Baggage Tracking
• Postal Package Tracking
• Time and Attendance (Punch Card)
• Employee ID
• Tracking book in the library
• Inventory checking
• Authorized building access
• Prison inmates (embedded)
• Hospital Patients - Instant history tracking
• Airport Baggage ID 54