Green Algae (Chlorophytes)

Green Algae Diversity I

“Chlorella”

“Chlamydomonas”
“Carteria”
20
Green Algae Diversity I

Helicosporidium
 Green Algae Diversity I

Haematococcus
Green Algae Diversity I (Chlamydomonas)

Only different mating types (“+”, “-”) are capable of fertilization

 Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids

Cosmarium Euastrum Micrasterias

Staurastrum

Triploceras

Closterium “Desmids”
Spondylosium
 Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids
Structure

• Semicells • Pores

• Isthmus, Sinus • Mucilage

 Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Zygote
 Green Algae Diversity III

Coelastrum “Pediastrum” Scenedesmus

Ankistrodesmus Hydrodictyon
 Green Algae Diversity IV
Flattened
Sac-Like

Tetraspora
Gonium Platydorina
Spherical

Pandorina Eudorina “Volvox”

(8 or 16 Cells) (16 or 32 Cells) 500 – Thousands of Cells
 Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)
Somatic Cells Gonidia

• Small, flagellated, cells (with eyespot) Larger, flagellated located at colony

Connected by cytoplasmic strands posterior

• Impart motility to colony • Capable of cell division

(regA gene inhibited)
• Incapable of cell division
(regA gene) • Form hollow balls of
flagellated cells inside the
• “Altruism” colony (“Daughter Colonies”)
 Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)
Asexual Reproduction

• Daughter Colony Release

• Daughter Colony Inversion through
pore (phialopore)
 Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)
(Sexual Reproduction)
Male Female Fertilization

• Gonidia form sperm • Gonidia form Eggs

packets, invert
• Sperm packets release
 Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)
(Sexual Reproduction)
Zygote Formation
Zygote Meiosis to form
Biflagellated Spores

• Only one biflagellated spore

survives

• Division of this spore regenerates

• Occasionally, zygotes are spiny
colony
(Hypnozygote)
 Green Algae Diversity V

Oedogonium Ulothrix

Spirogyra Zygnema
 Green Algae Diversity V
Sexual Reproduction

•Zygote Release
• Meiosis
• Gamete Formation • Spore Release
• Fertilization Oedogonium • Spore Germination
 Green Algae Diversity V
Sexual Reproduction

• Conjugation Tube • Gamete Formation • Zygote Formation

Formation • Fertilization • Meiosis to Form Spores

Spirogyra
 Green Algae Diversity VI

24

Cladophora
Green Algae Diversity VI

Trentepohlia
 Green Algae Diversity VIII

Ulva Coleochaete
Green Algae Diversity VIII
Sexual Life Cycle

Ulva
 Green Algae Diversity IX

Penicillus Chara Acetabularia

Bryopsis Caulerpa
Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 1
Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 2
 Green Algae: Ecology

Marine Freshwater
 Green Algae: Ecology

Haematococcus
Trentepohlia
Green Algae: Ecology

Chlamydomonas
nivalis
Green Algae: Ecology

Jacques Cousteau Institute

Caulerpa
Green Algae: Ecology
Green Algae: Ecology

Helicosporidium
 Green Algae: Physiology

Chlamydomonas
Green Algae: Genetics
(Hammerling 1930s)
Green Algae: Evolution

Chara
 Green Algae: Evolution

GR ALG PLANTS
GR ALG GR ALG
GR ALG
GR ALG
Green Algae: Evolution
Green Algae: Evolution

Horizontal Gene Transfer

 Green Algae: Evolution

14 Euglena

13
Green Algae: Biofuels
Green Algae: Biofuels
 Green Algae: Biofuels

SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO – Columbus will be home to Luna County’s first green
energy facility—literally green, in this case.
Algae will be cultivated by Sapphire Energy in man-made ponds about 8 miles west of
Columbus on the Mexican border, to later be converted to a green goop called algae-
based biofuel, oilgae, or algal fuel.
“This will be the first Sapphire facility in the country,” says Tim Zenk, spokesperson
for Sapphire Energy in San Diego.
“We’re looking at different geographies,” says Zenk. “Now our focus is on New
Mexico.”
Luna County is considered ideal for algae-based biofuel because of the flat desert
conditions, the high level of sunlight, and the large amount of underground salt water.
http://www.ecofriendlymag.com/2010/03/23/page/8/
Green Algae - Characteristics
 Green Algae - Flagella

Chlamydomonas Carteria
 Green Algae – Cell Wall

(Some)

(Many) (A Few)
Green Algae – Chloroplast
Green Algae – Chloroplast
Green Algae – Chloroplast
 Green Algae: Evolution
Large Subunit

Small Subunit

Rubisco
Horizontal Gene Transfer
 Green Algae – Chloroplast

S = Starch

Py = Pyrenoid

Fig. 16.4 in Graham et al. 2009

Green Algae – Mitosis
 Green Algae - Cytokinesis
Furrowing Furrowing Cell Plate

Phycoplast Phragmoplast Phragmoplast

 Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction

Chlamydomonas
 Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction

Gonidia Autocolony Autocolony

Formation Release

Volvox
 Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction

Oedogonium
Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction

Spirogyra
 Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction

Chlamydomonas
 Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction

Male Female Fertilization

• Gonidia form sperm • Gonidia form Eggs

packets, invert
• Sperm packets release Volvox
 Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction

•Zygote Release
• Meiosis
• Gamete Formation • Spore Release
• Fertilization Oedogonium • Spore Germination
 Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction

• Conjugation Tube • Gamete Formation • Zygote Formation

Formation • Fertilization • Meiosis to Form Spores

Spirogyra
Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction
Egg (n)

Zygote (n)

Sperm Filaments (n)

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction

Ulva
Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny
Eukaryotic Plastid Phylogeny
Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny
Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics I
Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics II
Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny
 Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny: “Fungi”

?
Acellular Slime Molds Cellular Slime Molds
(Physarum) (Dictyostelium)
1 http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/LB_2824_
Chlamydomonas_nivalis_x1000b.jpg

2 http://www.solpugid.com/cabiota/ulva_lobata.jpg

3 http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/
LB%20933%20Oedogonium%20foveolatum.jpg

4 http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/biology/images/volvox.jpg

5 http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara.jpg

6 http://www.dgsgardening.btinternet.co.uk/moss.JPG

7 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium_Images/
Zygote_MC_.tn.jpg
8 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/Algal%20digital%20or%20web%
20images/Egerod%20Caulerpa%20lentillifera%20300%20dpi%20web%20
image.jpg
 9 http://www.geneseo.edu/~Bosch/Ecology/Caulerpa.jpg

10 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgoct05/Scenedesmus-opoliensis.jpg

11 http://www.botany.ubc.ca/keeling/BIOL332/PrimarySecon.jpg

12 http://www.surialink.com/HANDBOOK/Genera/image_greens/
Acetabularia_pics/Acetabularia_300.jpg

13 http://www.panspermia.org/secondary.jpg

14 http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/ALGAL_IMAGES/euglenophytes/
Euglena_n4_dollartow56_402_b.jpg

15 http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~inouye/ino/cy/prochloron.GIF

16 http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/lichen/struct.jpg
17 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Lichens/Foliose_lichen_130_d.gif

18 http://www.uog.edu/classes/botany/474/images/spirogyra_conj_prep3755.jpg

19 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot311/
Chlorophyta/SpirogyraBig500.jpg
20 http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/47350/chlorella2.gif
21 http://www.dees.dri.edu/Projects/Trbm/cladophora.jpg
22 http://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/Images/10_04Cladophora.jpg

23 http://www.dees.dri.edu/Projects/Trbm/cladophora.jpg
24 http://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/Images/10_04Cladophora.jpg

25 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Chlorophyta/Cladophora/sp_1c.jpg

26 http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/images/100images/nies-0211.jpg
27 http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/images/100images/nies-0211.jpg

28 http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/
graphics/g/chl_oedogonium.jpg

29 http://genesis.ocean.org.il/pictures/animals/Ulva.jpg
30 http://inapinkbox.com/store/images/Enchantment%20-%20Asiatic%20
Lilies%20Flower%20Bouquet.jpg

31 http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara.jpg