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ITC - Chapter # 3

The document discusses the components and basic operations of a computer system. It explains that a computer system consists of hardware, software, users, and data. The basic operations of a computer include input, processing, output, storage, and control. It also describes the different components in more detail, including the hardware components like the CPU and memory, software programs, the role of users, and what constitutes data.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
127 views31 pages

ITC - Chapter # 3

The document discusses the components and basic operations of a computer system. It explains that a computer system consists of hardware, software, users, and data. The basic operations of a computer include input, processing, output, storage, and control. It also describes the different components in more detail, including the hardware components like the CPU and memory, software programs, the role of users, and what constitutes data.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE &

SYSTEM
CHAPTER #
3
Introduction to Computing
Computer System
 System
 A group or combination of interrelated, interdependent, or
interacting elements forming a collective entity.
 Computer System
 A functionally related group of elements, especially a
network of related computer hardware, software and data
transmission.
 So a system of one or more computers and associated
software with common storage

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 2


Computer System
 A complete computer system includes hardware, software,
data, and users
 Hardware consists of electronic devices, the parts you can
touch
 Software (programs) consists of instructions that control the
computer
 Data can be text, numbers, sounds, and images that the
computer manipulates
 People who operate computers are called users
 To manipulate data, the computer performs basic operations
which includes data input, processing, output, and storage

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 3


Basic Operations of Computer
 Input
 it is the process of accepting data or information
 Processing
 it is the transformation process to convert the input into output
 the way that a computer manipulates data
 Output
 it is the result produced by the computer
 it is the outcome of the process
 Storing
 it is the process of storing or retaining the data or information or
instructions, so that the user can retain and retrieve it whenever required
 Controlling
 it is the process of directing the manner and sequence in which all the
operations are to be performed
Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 4
Basic Operations of Computer

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 5


Basic Operations of Computer

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 6


Basic Operations of Computer

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 7


Components of Computer System
 A computer system has four components
 Hardware
 Software
 User
 Data

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 8


Components of Computer Systems

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 9


Components of Computer Systems (Users)

 Users
 are the people operating the computer
 are the most important part
 tell the computer what to do
 In fact the user is a critical part of a complete computer system,
especially when a personal computer is involved
 this may seem surprising, since we tend to think of computer as intelligent
devices, capable of performing amazing tasks
 People also sometimes believe that computer can think and make
decisions, just like human do
 but this is not the case
 even the most powerful supercomputer requires human interaction for
solving problems.
 When working with a personal computer, the user can take on several
roles, depending on what he or she wants to accomplish
Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 10
Components of Computer Systems (Data)

 Data
 Pieces of information
 Computer organize and present data
 Data is collection of facts as values or measurements.
 It can be numbers, words, observations or even just description of things
 This information may be in the form of
 Text documents
 Images
 Audio clips
 Software programs, or other types of data
 Communications devices perform both input and output functions,
allowing computers to share information
 In a computer, data consists of small pieces of information that, by
themselves, may not make sense to a person
 The computer manipulates data into useful information
Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 11
Components of Computer Systems (Hardware)

 Computer hardware is the collection of physical


elements that comprise a computer system
 Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer
 such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data storage, hard
drive disk, mouse, printers, CPU(graphic cards, sound
cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc
 Hardware is tangible
 all of the hardware components are physical objects that
you can actually touch

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 12


Components of Computer Systems (Hardware)

 Some of the hardware components are


 Processor  Serial ports
 Motherboard  Parallel port
 Keyboard/mouse  Sound card
 RAM  Video card
 Hard drive  Fan
 CD/DVD  Cables
 Floppy  Power switch
 USB port  Reset switch
 Network card  Case
 Modem

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 13


Components of Computer Systems (Hardware)

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 14


Components of Computer Systems (Hardware)

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 15


Components of Computer Systems (Software)

 Computer software is a collection of computer programs and related data that


provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it
 It is not tangible
 it has no substance
 Software tells the hardware what to do

 Through software we interact with the hardware


 software convert human understandable language in to computer understandable language

 It helps manage the computer hardware and provides common services for
efficient execution of various application software

 We use operating system software to help analyze, configure, optimize and


maintain the computer

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 16


Components of Computer Systems (Software)

 Software are use for


 Security purposes
 Educational purposes like teaching and self learning
 Banking system e.g. ATMs, online banking etc
 Airline reservations
 Chatting, video conferences etc
 They are even used to run many application software’s
 Other software applications are used
 in many medical devices that monitor or control patients are
predominantly controlled by software e.g. heart rate, blood
pressure and breath rate checking monitors
 to make design of buildings, roads, traffic signals, bridges
 to protect the computers from viruses and prevent from a
loss
Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 17
Computer Program
 Software is a collection of computer programs
 A computer program is written in a computer language (such
as C++, Java, Python, or others) by programmers
 The computer language is in a text format (source code) and
can be read by a person
 if you do not understand the structure and rules of the language you
may not understand it very well
 Once a program is written, an operation is performed on it
which is called compiling
 it converts the source code into a form (binary language)
understandable by the computer hardware

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 18


Software Types
 There are two general types of software
 Application Software
 System software

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 19


Application Software
 Application software is computer software designed to help the user to
perform specific tasks
 They are also known as an application or an app
 in recent years, the abbreviation "app" has specifically come to mean
application software written for mobile devices
 Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites,
graphics software and media players
 Applications may be bundled with the computer and its system software,
or may be published separately
 Application programs are written in a computer language like any other
program

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 20


Application Software
 There are two major categories of application software
 General Purpose
 These software are general purpose and available on retail shops or through internet
 They can be freeware or COTS (commercial off the shelf)
 e.g. Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Adobe Photoshop, Jet Audio etc.
 Custom
 These software are purposely custom build according to the needs of the user
 e.g. Riphah Campus Management System, HBL Banking System etc.
 Some program packages come in a set with multiple programs included to
provide multiple capabilities such as the Microsoft Office suite of
programs
 Microsoft Word is a program that gives the user the ability to write documents
 Microsoft Outlook is used to send and receive e-mail
 Other examples are word processors, spreadsheets, media players,
database applications etc.

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 21


System Software
 System software is computer software designed to
 operate the computer hardware
 provide basic functionality, and
 provide a platform for running application software
 System software includes device drivers, operating systems, servers,
utilities, and window system
 It is responsible for managing a variety of independent hardware
components
 so that they can work together harmoniously
 Its purpose is to unburden the application software programmer from
the often complex details of the particular computer being used
 including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device
readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's
resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 22


System Software
 Device drivers
 They provides basic functionality to operate and control the hardware
connected to or built into the computer
 Operating system
 It allows the parts of a computer to work together by performing tasks like
transferring data between memory and disks or rendering output onto a
display device
 e.g. Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux
 It also provides a platform to run high-level system software and application
software
 Utility software
 it helps to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer
 Software Development Tools
 like a compiler, linker or debugger
 BIOS
Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 23
Operating Systems
 The operating system is the core software component of your
computer
 It performs many functions and is, in very basic terms
 an interface between your computer and the outside world
 Act as an intermediary between the user and the hardware
 Manage the resources of the computer
 Functions of Operating System
 Processor management
 assignment of processor to different tasks being performed by the computer system
 Establishment and enforcement of a priority system
 it determines and maintains the order in which jobs are to be executed in the
computer system
 Automatic transition from job to job as directed by special control
statements
 Interpretation of commands and instructions

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 24


Operating Systems
 An operating system performs
 Resource Management
 CPU management
 Memory management
 File System management
 I/O management
 Resource Sharing
 Among Users
 Among CPUs
 Interfacing between hardware and users
 OS provides an interface to several component including
 monitor, keyboard, mouse etc using drivers

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 25


Operating Systems

(operating system)

Operating Systems is intermediary between the User and the Hardware

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 26


Compiler
 A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms
source code written in a programming language (the source language)
into computer understandable language (machine Language)
 The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source
code (written in binary code) from a high-level programming language to
a lower level language (e.g., assembly language or machine code)
 Compilers bridge source programs in high-level languages with the
underlying hardware
 De Compilation
 is a anti compilation process in which low level language is translated back to a
higher level

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 27


Compiler

3) An executable
program is
created
1) A programmer writes
a computer program
2) The compiler translates
the program into a form
that the computer can
understand

Anybody who has this


executable on their
computer can then
run (use) it

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 28


Device Drivers
 A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of
device that is attached to your computer
 The operating system provides an interface to several
component
 including your monitor, keyboard, mouse etc using what is referred to
as "drivers"
 This is why sometimes when you install a new printer or
other piece of hardware, your system will ask you to install
more software called a driver
 There are device drivers for different hardware components
like printers, scanners and so on

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 29


BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
 BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard,
display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a
number of miscellaneous functions.
 BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip built into
the system on the mother board.
 The BIOS provides a small library of basic input/output
functions used to operate and control devices
 such as the keyboard, text display functions and so forth, and these
software library functions are callable by external software

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 30


Software Placement in a Computer System

Chapter # 3 Introduction to Computing 31

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